Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Post Traumatic Stress...

The use of several therapeutic methods to treat children with PTSD increases the argument among clinicians about the most effective treatment for PTSD. The clinical literature describes a wide variety of interventions besides CBT including, psychoanalytic techniques, creative arts, play therapy, crisis intervention, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, and pharmacotherapy; which raises the question about what could be the most effective treatment for children with PTSD (Cohen, Mannarino Rogal 2001). Several of these therapies have been recognized as effective PTSD treatments. For instance, Eye-Movement Desensitization and Processing (EMDR), has become an increasingly accepted treatment modality for childhood PTSD; however, very†¦show more content†¦The issue about choosing the most appropriate intervention with a specific population such as children, is a struggle that many clinicians face when treating children with PTSD. Cohen, et al. (2001) found that the majo rity of child psychiatrists prefer to use psychodynamic/psychoanalytic therapy interventions and psychotropic medications with children presenting PTSD symptoms, while non-medical clinicians prefer to integrate other types of interventions such as play therapy. In regards to the fact that physicians prefer to use medications and other well-known interventions such as psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapy, Muris Merckelbach (1999) suggest that many physicians are more resistant to the new treatment modalities including EMDR and others because these types of interventions are less discussed in medical journals compared to nonmedical ones. On the other hand, Cohen, et al. (2001) suggest that physicians do not use new methodologies of interventions because they are not effective, instead they don’t feel comfortable using treatments that were not part of their professional training. In their research, Cohen, et al. (2001) and colleagues suggest that randomized controlled tri als conducted in research settings, may not provide the whole picture about the mostShow MoreRelatedTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: an Effective Treatment Modality for Children and Adolescents Who Have Experienced Traumatic Incidents1687 Words   |  7 PagesTrauma- Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Effective treatment modality for children and Adolescents who have experienced traumatic incidents * What is TF-CBT and What is it Best Suited for: Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) was developed by psychologists J.A. Cohen and, Mannarino, Knudset and Sharon. TF-CBT has been developed for those who have experienced psychological trauma, often on a great scale of magnitude. It is important to define trauma; â€Å"There areRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead More Person Centered Therapy and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder 1203 Words   |  5 Pagestherapists today. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is another popular theory that is used. It emphasizes the present and fixing cognitive distortions that clients may have. However, it too received some arguments against it, such as; treating symptoms and not the underlying cause of an illness. The theories that will be discussed are Carl Roger’s theory of Person Centered Therapy, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and how they would treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). In PersonRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1682 Words   |  7 Pagesdisastrous, and traumatizing events are often susceptible to developing a mental illness known as post-traumatic stress disorder or â€Å"PTSD†. People who are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder often experience mind-numbing symptoms of traumatic flashbacks, emotional distress, and uncontrollable thoughts that can make living life a realistic nightmare. It is very important that this disorder is treated by using correct public health interventions to help individuals once again regain controlRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is normal, following a traumatic experience, for a person to feel disconnected, anxious, sad and frightened. However, if the distress does not fade and the individual feels stuck with a continuous sense of danger as well as hurting memories, then that person might in fact be suffering from Post-Traumatic Stres s Disorder (PTSD). PSTD could develop after a traumatic incident which threatens one’s safety or makes one to feel helpless (Dalgleish, 2010). Coping with traumatic events could be very difficultRead MoreThe Consequences of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder1621 Words   |  6 Pages Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a medical condition that many people suffer from at different ages. Most of the people that have suffered from PTSD have done so due to a major trauma that occurred at some point in their life. Even though the trauma could have happened months or even years earlier, the symptoms can come back when an event or the anniversary of the trauma triggers the memory of the traumatic event. Some of the traumas that cause post-traumatic stress disorder are rapeRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress d isorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Traumatic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )906 Words   |  4 Pages POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER Post-traumatic stress disorder, also known as PTSD, is a complicated disorder that begins after a traumatic event ((APA), May 18, 2013). Throughout history, PTSD was also known as railway spine, shell shock, traumatic (war) neurosis, concentration-camp syndrome, and rape-trauma syndrome. This disorder always happens after a personal tragic event. Such events include a natural disaster, murder, war, rape, and vehicular accidents, just to name a few. The importantRead MoreThe Effects Of Emotional Disorder On The Individual s Life1641 Words   |  7 Pagesare many causes that are liked to an emotional disorder. From a cognitive perspective, it is well known that when there is some type of impairment in certain brain areas then there is a large change that there is a mental illness present in the individual’s life. A person’s cognitive skills are necessary and fundamental for elements such as: attention, information processing, as well as memory, and critical thinking . This means that a cognitive disorder would have an impact on the person’s perceptionRead MoreNature Of Symptoms And Diagnosis1694 Words   |  7 Pagesspecifies what Teddy’s diagnosis was, Dissociative Identity Disorder is the primary disorder that he should be diagnosed with and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder should be secondary. Dissociative Identity Disorder is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states. The multiple personalities differ in many areas including affect, behavior, memory, perception, cognition, and sensory and motor function. The disorder causes great distress and/or impairment in the individual who

Economic Impact of Genetic Engineering - 2698 Words

Genetic engineering (GE) is a recently developed technology that allows the alteration of the genetic make up of living organisms. This technology allows scientists not only to exchange genes from members of the same species, which is what farmers and nature has been doing through out history, but also the exchange of genes between completely separate species. For example genetic engendering allows scientists to insert the genes from a fish into a tomato, something that can never happen in nature. Many in the biotechnology industry claim that the recent advancements in this field of research will help solve many of the problems developing countries face. These claims have led to a massive increase in commercial growing of genetically†¦show more content†¦The costs of GE seeds are too high for farmers from developing countries to implement their usage. The costs of implementing this technology will not be offset by the benefits that farmers in the US have received. Not only w ill farmers lose money, but unemployment, which is already a problem in many developing nations, will increase, as farmers need to hire less labor to produce the same amount of crops. The high initial cost of purchasing GE seeds makes the technology more difficult to implement by poor farmers in less developed countries. As happened during the green revolution these small farmers would be forced to take out loans to buy this new technology, and if the technology does not deliver higher profits these farmers may lose their land. Even if a technology was developed that would bring the cost of production down to or below that of existing production cost, there is the issue of consumer preference. The increasing debate over genetic engineering has created a substantial difference in perception of the risks and benefits involved with GE food. Governments around the world, most notably members of the European Union have places restrictions and bans on many GMO products. Many of these countries are considering putting labels on products with GMO ingredients. Considering that many developing countries economies are highly dependant on agricultural export,Show MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering Of Food Is Good For The Welfare Of Humanity1135 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering of food is one of the most controversial issues facing the universe today. Genetic engineering or modification of food is the artificial modification of the genetic constituents of plants and animals that produce food (Union of Concerned Sci entists, 2015b). Genetic engineering per se is often conducted in the laboratory through a number of technologies whose primary role is to incorporate the desired qualities into the genetically engineered food crops and animals. Even thoughRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Science And The Economy1495 Words   |  6 Pagesordered main course would preferably be prepared baked, fried, or genetically engineered. Though odd, this question is coming sooner than later. Even though genetic engineering has been around for a long time, due to its increased advances, no longer is it an ignored issue. In fact, it is causing quite a controversy. Some feel, genetic engineering is a scientist s way of playing God, creating elements and bodies that were not intended to be on Earth. Possibly, there is some truth to this belief;Read MoreGenetic Modification : Genetically Modified Foods Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages145111 LAB 1: Two WebPages on Genetically Modified Foods http://www.sustainabletable.org/264/genetic-engineering and http://findourcommonground.com/food-facts/gmo-foods/ -Critical Evaluation: A Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) is a plant or animal that has had its DNA modified through the integration of genes from a different organism into its own genetic genomes (Zaid et al., 2011). Genetic Modification is claimed to create more drought and disease tolerance (CommonGround, 2015), but thereRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Crops1144 Words   |  5 Pagescombination of genetic material that is acquired through certain biotechnological processes or genetic engineering. Many crops have been subject to these genetic modifications such as: alfalfa, cotton, flax, rice, tobacco, tomatoes, and wheat. Many people are on various sides of the spectrum of being for the alteration of these crops or strongly against it. Personally, I am against the use of genetically modified crops because of the denaturing of a natural process, the lack of economic benefit, andRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods And Its Impact On The Agricultural Industry Worldwide1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbecome a battleground for politicians, scientists, and farmers. Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, have been in the spotlight throughout much of the last four decades, offering a viable solution to world hunger issues. It is through genetic engineering that scientists can achieve the creation of genetically modified crops, creating new crop varieties designed to yield more products with less inputs. Genetically modified foods offer numerous benefits, such as boosting our economy, eradicatingRead MoreDiscussion About Genetically Modified Foods1529 Words   |  7 Pagesgenetically modified crops considering nutrition and health? b. Whether the economic effects are the most important? c. Will it bring severe environment problems? III. Arguments for beneficial effects of GM foods a. Firstly, transgenic technology has made considerable progress in food applications. b. Transgenic food has successfully lowered food prices and ensured food safety. c. GM foods significantly reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. Introduction The author, Magana-Gomez, criticallyRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods998 Words   |  4 PagesWith progress in genetic engineering of foods, scientist, researchers, and farmers have changed the way food is grown. And this has started raising questions about the methods they use and their possible risks and side effects. To understand the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods you must first understand what they are. Genetically modified foods may also be referred to as GM foods, GMO, modified crops, GM organisms, or bio-tech foods. (Wohlers, Anton E, 2013, p73-84) You may see meRead MoreDesigner Babies1566 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Review of Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Author: Siew Yang Yi Yin Ren. Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering. MURJ Volume 12, Spring 2005. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism’s genome through direct human manipulation of the DNA using modern technology. Although classical genetic methods using selective breeding has been done by humans since thousands of years ago, the manipulation of genome of organism through advanceRead MoreTrials. Genetic Engineering Is Commonly Found In Agriculture897 Words   |  4 Pages Trials Genetic engineering is commonly found in agriculture and within the past few years scientists began animal experimentation, but this technology is now touching upon human embryos. â€Å"The first field experiments of food crops that had been genetically modified using recombinant DNA technology began in 1987† (Range, Gabriel).The trial consisted of extending the shelf life of tomatoes. Animals are the next trial class â€Å"animals that have been safely genetically engineered (GE) include cattleRead MoreEssay about Genetic Engineering: A Major Advancement for Mankind959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Biochemist Isaac Asimov once said, The advancement of Genetic Engineering makes it quite conceivable that we will design our own evolutionary progress.† Scientists have always thought about new ways to progress through technology in our era, and in 1946, scientists discover that Genetic material from different viruses can be combined to form a new type of virus. This was a majo r discovery that trickles down to the modern era of Genetics. Current scientists have pioneered new ways to decode human

Marketing Management Entrepreneurial Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Management for Entrepreneurial Marketing. Answer: Introduction In this report, the Accor group are dedicated to a new Sofitel hotel. The Sofitel hotel is located in Darling Harbor region of Sydney CBD. The Accor group operates in ninety-four countries, and it is a French multinational hotel group. Headquarter is situated in Paris, France. The group owns three thousand and seven hundred hotels on five continents. The Accor group needs a marketing plan. The marketing plan should include a list of actions. Besides, a marketing plan without a strategic foundation will be little use to business and not efficient. Here, the marketing plan includes only macro environmental analysis along with SWOT analysis. However, Sofitel has marketing plans which is useful for the stakeholders. The company is more concerned with the objectives of becoming worldwide reference in international luxury hotels amongst others. The organization will turn into the principal European luxury lodging brand. Besides, the hotel has worked steadily to rethink every component of the brand, with an exceptional attention on innovative luxury model along with the offering of drinks and food, advancement and outline alongside creating one of a kind spas. In addition, the new Sofitel plans the make all hotels a contemporary and lavish ones and resorts on the worlds most appealing destinations. Macro Environment PEST Analysis Political Factors The key issues regarding the political factors are the danger of terrorism, political climate, and international relations (Strauss, 2010). These factors can affect the Accor group. If in the tourist places, there are terrorist attacks then the tourist might fly away from that location leading to loss of business. Therefore, Accor group must look at this matter very carefully to prevent loss of customers. Such attacks can also lead to injuries and deaths of several tourists which will become a challenge for the organization. Still now, Accor group have not faced any terrorist attacks because they have good relation with EEC country (Dollard, Osborne, Manning, 2012). The organization believes in giving and take policies, and they are doing their business in this way all over the world. Technological Factors Based on Oriental rental service, the technology can have an enormous impact on hotel businesses. Accor group needs to improve the technical service to customers since the level of customer satisfaction is increasing day by day (Ramachandra, Chandrashekara, Shivakumar, 2010). The client satisfaction increase because people are getting their products whenever they want. For example, they can book hotels by online. Therefore, Accor group must facilitate customers with online booking facilities. The official website of this hotel must have updated information about the hotel and its services. Aside that, the electronic media card is becoming more demandable. Social Factors Currently, the organization is delivering excellent services to customers. The company is utilizing seven languages via online systems. On the other hand, maps and graphics are also tallying significance to the booking experience. In the organization, the female workers are increasing. Accor group is working hard to train their employees for the advancement of the society. Apart from these, the company is also providing the franchise with added value as well as human resource services. The particular organization will endure admiring professional and cultural differences (Tresidder Hirst, 2012). Economic Factors Between the year 2006 and 2012, Accor group has become a more profitable organization. The economic factors are a huge concern to Accor group because the organization is highly influenced by cost, profits, prices and demands. Apparently, the most influencing factor of this organization based on the economy is merger and acquisition. Research says that this organization has made a huge profit whenever they merged with another organization. The company can accomplish their objectives because of merger and acquisition strategy. SWOT Analysis Strength From the research it has been found that one of Accor key advantage is its high brand recollection. The organization has demands for midscale, upscale along with economy lodging. It covers a wider market segment. On the other hand, internal resources to any organization are its strength which provides an advantage. For Accor, the most valuable power are probably to be insubstantial of reputation, superior customer service, and corporate culture (Mayrhofer, 2012). The company has a keen interest to cover different regions and categories stable cash flow prospects. Besides, it has Sofitel which is a prestige hotel brand in France and other cities in the world. Opportunities It has been discussed in the strength of Accor group, that Accor makes a huge profit by following merger and acquisition technique. Hence, merger and acquisition strategy is their primary opportunity. Also, the organization has market leaders who develop in partnerships with major enterprises. Aside that, different ideas in business is another opportunity for Accor group (Sethna, Jones, Harrigan, 2013). Advertising and online booking of hotels are their competitive advantage. The website must be built incredibly stylish so that more customers are attracted to it. New technology helps them to increase their sales. Threat The operations of Accor services and hotels are spread in the entire world with the goal that they need to face to dangers of fluctuations in foreign currency because around sixty-six percent of its income originates from universal operations. During the past, the revenue of Accor group was severely influenced because of unfavorable fluctuations in foreign currency. The organization has some serious rivals which are a threat to them (Solnet, 2012). For example Marriot International, Hilton Group plc and Hyatt organization. These opponents' attempts to beat the unfavorable business sector and financial condition are another dangers besides be evaluating weights which will influence the edge of the company. Weakness During the year 2010, the weakness of this particular business has its non-strategic business. The company is losing their brand because they were more concerned with non-strategic business. Recently, the hotel group has increased their cost twice than that of other competitors. It may be a risk to the business, because when demand is high, then the customer will move to other hotels because of moderate price. The development of technology is not their weakness (Christou, 2011). Therefore, Accor must improve competitive advantage according to the technology rather than increasing hotel rates than others. Conclusion The entire report is based on the marketing plan of Accor group. Initially, the report starts with an introduction followed by PEST and SWOT analysis. This two study is significant for the organization since it analyses the current situation of the company so that Accor can quickly implement their marketing plan and attain competitive advantage. In SWOT analysis, the strength, weakness, threat and opportunity of Accor group is discussed. From the above report, it is concluded that Accor group can make high profits whenever they utilize merger and acquisition strategy. It also helps to build strong relationships with other hotels. References Christou, E. (2011). Exploring Online Sales Promotions in the Hospitality Industry.Journal Of Hospitality Marketing Management,20(7), 814-829. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.605038 Dollard, M., Osborne, K., Manning, I. (2012). Organization-environment adaptation: A macro-level shift in modeling work distress and morale.Journal Of Organizational Behavior,34(5), 629-647. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.1821 Mayrhofer, U. (2012).Marketing international. Paris: E conomica. Ramachandra, K., Chandrashekara, B., Shivakumar, S. (2010).Marketing management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Sethna, Z., Jones, R., Harrigan, P. (2013).Entrepreneurial Marketing. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Pub. Solnet, D. (2012). Service Management in Hospitality Education: Review and Reflection.Journal Of Hospitality Marketing Management,21(2), 184-214. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2011.584267 Strauss, G. (2010). Pest risk analysis of Metcalfa pruinosa in Austria.J Pest Sci,83(4), 381-390. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0308-3 Tresidder, R. Hirst, C. (2012).Marketing in food, hospitality, tourism and events. Oxford: Goodfellow Pub. Ltd.

Winchesters Bid to Host the 7th World Summit on Art Culture 2017 A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses

Introduction Cities are not only increasingly competing to host international cultural events to improve their image and stimulate urban infrastructural development, but also to revitalize their economies and attract more visitors and investment. This phenomenon can be associated with the effects of a globalized world economy (Hede Kellett, 2011), as well as a general increase in competition between cities, regions and countries for the attention of noteworthy stakeholders, including customers, investors and policy makers (Richards Wilson, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Winchester’s Bid to Host the 7th World Summit on Art Culture 2017: A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Available literature demonstrates that since the 1980s, a rising number of cities are becoming interested in attracting major international events as they are perceived as valuable vect ors of economic and tourism development, as well as ensuring sustainable development by stimulating ecological, social and economic benefits Proposal Aim Objectives As parts of its events-led regeneration strategy, Winchester City aims to successfully bid for the rights to co-host the 7th World Summit on Arts and Culture coming up in 2017. The objectives are to attract more visitors and to arouse cultural consumption among the population, while positioning Winchester City as a global tourist and cultural destination Overview/Background Information The World Summit on Arts and Culture The World Summit on Arts and Culture is a triennial international event of its kind, which serves as â€Å"†¦a platform for national arts councils, ministries of culture, arts and cultural policy decision makers, artists and community leaders to discuss strategies affecting public support for arts and culture at a national and global level† (IFACCA, 2011a para. 2). Members and affiliates of International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) are encouraged to participate and the conventions are open to any individual with an interest in national and international artistic and cultural trajectories. This mega-event, co-hosted by the national arts council of the winning country and IFACCA, attracts an estimated 500 delegates from over 80 countries into the hosting city for a period ranging from 4-5 days to discuss the issues at hand (IFACCA, 2011b). International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies Inaugurated in December 2000, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) owns the right to co-host the World Summit on Arts and Culture with the National Arts Council of any member country that has succeeded to bid for the rights to hold the event. This implies that IFACCA is the event owner and one of its core responsibilities is to invite the national councils of member countries to submit bidding documents/p roposals to host the event. IFACCA is also responsible for determining a set process for bidding and the schedule and time-frame by which the bidding process should be completed.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bidding City: Winchester Winchester, England, is a vivacious â€Å"†¦heritage destination just an hour south west of London, with world class attractions and architecture including a magnificent cathedral, award-winning pubs and restaurants and a tempting array of independent shops† (Winchester City Council, 2012 para. 1). Winchester is the perfect destination for hosting international cultural events and Expos due to its rich culturally-diverse medieval settings, surrounded by magnificent rolling countryside and tranquil Hampshire villages. The city has a resident population of about 45,000 people, and is home to â€Å"†¦a number of large public sector employers, including the University of Winchester, Winchester Prison, Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Hampshire County Council and Winchester City Council† (Hampshire County Council, 2011 p. 7). Analysis of the Internal Strengths Weaknesses of the Summit This section aims to critically evaluate the internal factors to the global summit, which could heavily influence the trajectory and outcome of the bidding process, particularly in relation to the focussed attempt by Winchester to bid for the rights to host the 2017 summit. Strengths This international artistic and cultural event â€Å"†¦provides opportunities for attendees to have memorable experiences, communities to build social capital, and for the governments to induce new income into their economies through tourism and business activities† (Hede Kellett, 2011 p. 987). The summit is known to provide a sense of flexibility to fixed structures, as well as delivering a source of spectacle which adds to the ima ge value and reputation of cities. In particular, this summit often embodies a less costly means of distinguishing places, encourage people to visit a place more than once, and produce substantial media interest that could be used by the event organizers to market the city through the prism of internationalization or globalization (Richards Wilson, 2004; Leonardsen et al, 2010). Weaknesses The global summit, as is the case with other international mega-events, has its own risks, which must be critically evaluated and contingency plans drawn to ensure successful hosting of the event. Among the inherent risks noted in hosting an event of this nature and scope, the event organizers may fail to secure the required funding to deliver the summit, not mentioning that that the organizers may also fail to engage the local population, resulting in a scenario where the event is incapable of attracting a wider audience (Schneider, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Winchester’s Bid to Host the 7th World Summit on Art Culture 2017: A Critical Analyses of Strengths Weaknesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being a global artistic and cultural outreach program, the summit is always faced with the risks associated with poor artistic programming, failure to attract headline performers and artists and, consequently, failure to secure the Summit’s intended legacy. Lastly, it is well known that international cultural events often fail to attract the political support necessary to make the hosting of these events a success (Schneider, 2010). Effective contingency plans must therefore be available to ensure these risks are successfully dealt with. External Analyses of the Bidding City There are a number of predominant external factors which could unequivocally influence Winchester City’s bid to be accorded the rights to host the upcoming summit. This section aims to utilize a numb er of strategic planning tools, including PESTLE, SWOT and Porter’s 5 Forces analyses, to critically evaluate Winchester’s position to competitively bid for, and host, the summit in 2017. PESTLE Analysis Bidding cities have their own weaknesses and strengths that intrinsically influence the current and future performance of their bidding processes. By employing the PESTLE framework, the event organizers for the 2017 bid are able to effectively assess the current environment, as well as future shifts in the environment that are bound to predominantly influence Winchester’s attempt to successfully bid for, and host, the 2017 event. It is widely expected that the adoption of the PESTLE framework, which details the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors affecting or influencing an entity (Henry, 2008), will go a long way to assist Winchester maintain a competitive advantage over other candidate cities for the upcoming summit. Con sequently, the results of the PESTLE analysis are presented below in an attempt to underline the external factors influencing Winchester’s bid. Political The government is unswerving in its resolve to ensure that the United Kingdom (UK) is in a position to aggressively bid for, and host, major international sporting and cultural events, not mentioning that it acknowledges the fact that bids are reinforced if the government is ready and willing to lend active support. The ultimate event organizer, which is the UK Art and Culture Council, is likely to continue to maintain a powerful control over the global artistic and cultural scene, with more centralized sponsorship and media deals, which in many instances translate into valuable income streams for the Council. Winchester’s bid to host the 2017 summit also draws considerable support from the UK’s strong reputation to successfully bid and host major international events such as the Capital of Culture event held i n 2008 in Liverpool. Lastly, Winchester enjoys strong public/private partnerships, which will continue to play a substantial role in the planning and funding of national, regional and international events (Leonardsen, 2007; Maughan Branchini, 2004).Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A constraint to Winchester’s bid to host the 2017 summit comes in the form of a shifting focus of central government funding, which will persist to generate an uncertainty in relation to public funding trajectories, particularly in relation to community and cultural-oriented activities funded by the public purse (Jackson, 2010). Economic Hosting the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture will trigger an increase in tourism and investment in the UK in general and Winchester in particular. Such an increase will continue to form a critical component in the revenue generation of the city and the wider local economy. By bidding to host the 2017 summit, Winchester is setting out on a journey of unprecedented economic and infrastructural regeneration in which art and culture will be used to purposefully transform a city with a rich cultural history. This event is also likely to stimulate the globalization of culture and access of British artistic and cultural artefacts and presentati ons to international markets. Additionally, the interaction between the delegates attending the summit and local businesses is likely to spur economic growth in terms of food purchases, accommodation, conference services and investment opportunities (Westerbeek et al, 2002; Maughan Branchini, 2004). This interaction is also likely to elevate the image and reputation of the city to international visitors and investors. The current global economic climate, however, presents a constraint to Winchester’s bid to successfully bid and host the 2017 event, in large part because the trend continues to restrict the growth and expansion of many artistic and cultural activities due to a noted reduction in leisure spending as the UK and international economy continues to contract (Jackson, 2010). Social The UK’s population has being ageing, and research demonstrates that the elderly identifies more with artistic and cultural events than the youth, who are passionately interested i n sporting events (Schneider, 2010). This observation creates a ready audience to consume the summit should the event owners grant the rights to host the 2017 summit to Winchester due to the leisure interests of the ageing population. Winchester city has a long tradition of a being a world heritage site, thus it can be positively argued that the attitudes and values of the local population are aligned to the importance of preserving culture and various art forms, as well as employing culture to achieve local and national development targets (Schneider, 2010). The attitudes of the local population regarding culture and art imply that the global event will have a ready audience. These characteristics are likely to add fire to the event, opening up new possibilities and opportunities for the hosting city, particularly in relation to occasioning more tangible and intangible benefits, as well as raising local confidence and self-belief and promoting connectivity, partnership and a superf icial-facing focus. However, the bidding team takes cognizance of the fact that it must prepare mitigating measures to tackle the rising number of security threats, particularly the threats posed by international terrorist networks against Western targets. The ageing population may also lack disposable income to attend such events due to the fact that they are no longer in active employment. Technological Winchester City boasts of modern state-of-the-art conference and convention facilities, with ready broadband internet access portals, digitals TVs, telephone portals and other value additions intended to make the living experience in these facilities memorable. It is home to renowned world class universities such as the University of Winchester, implying that research, development and innovation are some of the critical assets held by the city. Greater exploitation of these critical assets is likely to significantly benefit the hosting of the event, particularly in relation to cont ent development, enhanced accessibility, communications and marketing. Additionally, Winchester County Council, in conjunction with institutions of higher learning and other public institutions, has embarked on an ambitious program to introduce new media technologies. It is of substantial interest to note that the continued access to and investment in these modern media technologies with the aim to reduce operational costs, improve quality of life, and stimulate more innovative concepts (Leonardsen, 2007). Legal The current government legislations relating to hosting of international sports and cultural events demands that event organizers efficiently utilize resources, minimize waste and desecration of vital assets, and effectively respond to underlying issues in climate change. Particularly, the event organizers are obliged by various British statutes and Winchester City bylaws to, among other tings, reduce carbon emissions while hosting an international event using a range of mea sures, such as green travel plans, energy saving strategies, waste and noise reduction, sustainable consumption patterns and exploring the alternatives available to use renewable energy (Richards Wilson, 2004). The main constraints to these legal requirements, however, are lack of awareness of the issues and statutes relating to climate change, potential costs implications involved in implementing the directives, and the absence of a way that could be used by the event organizers to recoup the tangible and intangible resources used on these initiatives. Environmental Winchester in particular and the UK in general have stable weather patterns, making the hosting of such a global event a reality. Most conference and convention facilities located in Winchester are energy-efficient, implying that the event organizers will not incur further costs related to a lack of technical capabilities of the hosting venues. However, the current global environmental outlook, characterized by such ph enomena as global warming and pollution, will ultimately trigger a move towards more environmentally friendly products and processes – a move that may lessen the bidding city’s economic and social regeneration consequential to development due to short-term costs related to providing environmentally friendly products and processes for the delegates and audience attending the event (Martins Sera, 2011). SWOT Analysis Strategic management research demonstrates that â€Å"†¦the use of SWOT analysis allows organizations to maximize their strengths, minimize their weaknesses, take advantage of their opportunities and overcome their weaknesses† (Fine, 2009 p. 3). This section aims to analyse the opportunities and threats (external factors) influencing the success of Winchester’s bid to host the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture. Opportunities for Winchester The success of Winchester’s bid to host the 2017 international artistic and cultural even t will be intrinsically influenced by the city’s innovative funding models, which necessitate the attainment of synergies and competitive leverage between the public and public sectors. A good example includes a cross subsidy between major supermarket chains operating in the area and Winchester County Council to fund new infrastructure expansion programs. Second, there exist a strong desire and willingness for major stakeholders to network and partner to make the dream of hosting the 2017 event a reality. Networking, partnership and sharing best practices is overwhelmingly perceived as an opportunity by the event organizers and conference facility owners, particularly in the light of ensuring that those who will participate in the event will have a memorable experience. Third, the organizing committee is of the view that the hosting of this event in Winchester will act as a significant income generator, while ensuring the city achieves national and international exposure (Leo nardsen, 2007). Lastly, there exist a real opportunity for the local population and delegates to facilitate and promote knowledge transfer by encouraging information sharing for the benefits of entrenching a lasting legacy for Winchester, particularly as a renowned heritage site. Threats for Winchester There has been ongoing speculation about a decline in public sector funding for the hosting of such events, mainly because of the current political and economic climate, as well as the channelling of investments elsewhere (Jackson, 2010). This speculation has occasioned increased risk and uncertainty, particularly in relation to the issue of outlining funding decisions, and may impact negatively on the event organizers’ capacity to access finance from banks and other lending institutions for specific projects and developments. Additionally, the widespread recognition by the international audience that the UK’s economy is on a downturn may impact negatively on Winchesterà ¢â‚¬â„¢s bid to host the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture. Indeed, the current economic recession may translate into lost sponsorship deals for upcoming major international events. Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis The Porter’s 5 Forces model is one of the mostly used analytical frameworks in evaluating the competitive external environment with a view to understand the dynamics of the competitive structure in a particular sector or industry (Henry, 2008). The five forces that determine the competitive nature and overall long-term profitability of the sector include: ‘threat of market entry by new entrants; threat of alternatives; bargaining power of buyers; bargaining power of suppliers, and; the extent of rivalry between existing competitors (Henry, 2008). The decision to host the World Summit on Arts and Culture in a particular candidate city is ultimately made by IFACCA, implying that the international body cannot be evaluated against other bodies and agencies t o determine the level of competitiveness since IFACCA operates a monopoly in announcing decisions on successful cities to host the event. In terms of the competition faced by Winchester in ensuring that it is given the rights to host the 2017 edition of the event, the event organizers recognizes the presence of more developed and culture-centric cities bidding for the same event. To win the event, therefore, Winchester must develop the capacity to anticipate the moves made by the other candidate cities and also be conscious of the probability of having to compete with other new entrants for the rights to host the event. The conference/convention owners also form a critical component of Winchester’s matrix in bidding for the event because these owners are perceived as the suppliers of the facilities that will facilitate the event. Consequently, the relationship established by these suppliers and the event organizers for Winchester’s bid will ultimately determine the suc cess of the city in requesting for the rights to hold the event. A Critical Review of the Key Success Factors for the Event The evaluation done in the preceding sections of this bidding proposal identifies at least 5 success factors for Winchester’s bid to host the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture, namely: availability of modern conference facilities; solid foundation of public support for Winchester to pursue the bid to host the event; excellent record for handling a large influx of visitors/delegates to any kind of international event; excellent record of bidding for, and winning, the opportunity to host major international events, and; the presence of a target audience that values arts and culture. In the availability of modern facilities, this analysis has demonstrated that Winchester has a number of modern conference centres fitted with the latest amenities, including round-the-clock broadband internet access, telephone facilities and accommodation. The event owners , according to Swart Bob (2004), must be fully satisfied that a candidate city has the necessary facilities and infrastructure before committing the bid to host the event to that city. The support of the local population is of immense importance in bidding to host an international event of this nature because of the fact that it is the public and visitors who are largely expected to consume the presentations made during the event, hence giving the event its economic and social dimension. The UK has an outstanding record of handling a large influx of visitors/delegates to any kind of international event. This record may form the basis for consideration of Winchester to host the 2017 edition, particularly against the backdrop of ensuring the safety and security of delegates in a time when international terrorism is on the increase (Heslop et al, 2010). Equally, the UK has an outstanding record of bidding for, and winning, the opportunity to host major international events, with a maj or hall mark being the hosting of the 2012 Olympics Games in London. The outstanding record of winning the rights to host major events implies that there are many examples of best practice that the bidding team for the 2017 event could draw upon to enhance their chances of success. Lastly, the city prides itself of a huge following of artistic and cultural lovers, particularly due to its ageing population. This audience will greatly assist in bringing the material, economic and spiritual support needed for Winchester to win the bid for the hosting of the 2017 event. An Analysis of Strategic Options Available to Ensure Successful Hosting Based on a review of existing literature, the PESTLE analysis, the SWOT analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces analysis, the event organizers have identified two strategic priorities that need to be effectively addressed for Winchester city to succeed in its attempt to bid for the rights to hold the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture. These priorit ies, which have been identified using the Ansoff’s Product/Market Matrix, bears some level of overlap as discussed below. These priorities, if well addressed, will form the basis for justifying why IFACCA should give the rights to hold the 2017 event to Winchester City. It should be noted that the matrix is basically a tool that assists business entities to decide their product and market growth strategy guided by the assumption that the entity’s attempt to grow intrinsically depend on whether it market new or existing products/services in new or existing markets (Jackson, 2010). Priority 1: Winchester aspires to become a world cultural and heritage site, and have some of the most exquisite locations to show in the whole of UK. The local population and the political base of the city readily identify with artistic and cultural-related activities and discourses as the city is usually evaluated under the lens of art and culture (Jackson, 2010). The strategic priority, the refore, is to reinforce the already existing connections between the city and art/culture. This can be done using Ansoff’s growth strategy of market penetration by selling the existing artistic and cultural attractions to the local and international audience. The hosting of the 2017 event will therefore act as a catalyst for the city to secure its dominance of being a world cultural city through the employment of various strategies, including the creation of awareness about the city and its product offerings, advertising, and increasing the number of people visiting the city. Here, IFACCA is justified to give the rights to host the 2017 event to Winchester due to the city’s already existing reputation as a major world heritage site, a local population that readily identifies with artistic and cultural events, and a broad political support for the event. Priority 2: Winchester city has a relatively good level of overlap between tourism and the hosting of important natio nal and international events. However, it is generally felt that closer collaboration between these critical variable could serve as an important ingredient in leveraging substantial economic and social benefits for the city. The strategic priority, therefore, is for the bidding team to come up with viable ways to bring all stakeholders on board in attempts aimed at marketing major tourist attractions in the city through the hosting of major events. This can be successfully achieved using Ansoff’s concept of market development in that local stakeholders will be seeking to sell existing tourist attractions located in the city to new markets brought about by converging local people and international visitors into the city to participate in major events (Morden, 2007). Here, Winchester is justified to receive the rights to host the 2017 summit due to its ability to come up with new and enticing tourist attractions, as well as new ways of repackaging the sites to ensure they leav e a memorable experience to visitors. Recommendations to Strategy Approach The various analysis conducted in this bidding proposal have exposed a number of weaknesses that need to be addressed to reinforce Winchester’s chances of successfully bidding for the rights to host the 2017 World Summit on Art and Culture. To effectively deal with the issue of improving access to funding opportunities, the bidding team need to take contingency plans aimed at leveraging wider investment opportunities and identifying additional sources of funding rather than over relying on public funding streams. For instance, the team could develop innovative funding models such as raffles and competitions to raise the capital needed to organize a successful bid. To alter the public and the event owners’ perceptions about the ailing UK economy, the bid team, in conjunction with other interested stakeholders, could organize joint marketing initiatives on television and other communication medium s with the aim to portray the city as a place of resilient economic and cultural growth and regeneration driven by the presence of world-class cultural and heritage sites, as well as other major attractions such as a huge concentration of renowned public sector employers, including the University of Winchester (Hampshire County Council, 2011). Conclusion A strand of existing literature (Westerbeek et al, 2002; Martins Sera, 2011) demonstrates that cities are increasingly bidding to host major international events due to the positive economic and social ramifications associated with these events. These events have also been positively correlated with rapid infrastructural development and identity and image building for the hosting cities (Swart Bob, 2004). To achieve these benefits, however, cities need to employ strategic management and decision-making tools to inform their bidding and hosting strengths and weaknesses, as well as to establish existing priorities that could be effe ctively used to capitalize on existing opportunities while attempting to alter the perceived threats into probable alternatives. This bidding proposal concludes that Winchester City, Britain, has all what it takes to successfully bid for, and host, the 2017 World Summit on Arts and Culture. The justification for this conclusion is heavily derived on the various analyses undertaken in preceding sections of this document, as well as the analysis of critical success factors for Winchester/s bid. While some analyses demonstrates the city’s innate strengths in holding the event, some critical success factors, such as the availability of modern conference facilities, public support for art and culture, and an excellent record for holding such international events, will inarguably influence IFACCA’s decision on which city is best suited to host the 2017 edition of the event. These factors are unique to Winchester, thus there is a predominant possibility that city is destined to win the rights to host the event. List of References Fine, L. G. (2009). The SWOT Analysis: Using your Strengths to Overcome Weaknesses, Using your Opportunities to Overcome Threats. New York: CreateSpace. Hampshire County Council (2011). Winchester Town Access Plan. Web. Hede, A. M., Kellett, P (2011). Marketing Communications for Special Events: Analyzing Managerial Practice, Consumer Perceptions and Preferences. European Journal of Marketing, 45 (6), pp. 987-1004. Henry, A (2008). Understanding Strategic Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press Heslop, L. A., Nadeau, J., O’Reilly, N (2010). China and the Olympics: Views of Insiders and Outsiders. International Marketing Review, 27 (4), pp. 404-433. International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (2011a). 7th World Summit on Arts and Culture 2017 – Bidding Guidelines to be released. Web. International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (2011). IFACCA Announces Host for 6th World S ummit on Arts and Culture. Web. International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (2012). Web. Jackson, M. O. (2010). Social and Economic Networks. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Leonardsen, D. (2007). Planning of Mega Events: Experiences and Lessons. Planning Theory Practice, 8 (1), pp. 11-30. Martins, A., Serra, A. (2011). Market Impact of International Sporting and Cultural Events. Journal of Economics Finance, 35 (4), pp. 382-416. Maughan, C., Bianchini, F (2004). The Economic and Social Impact of Cultural Festivals in the East Midlands of England. Web. Morden, T. (2007). Principles of Strategic Management. London. Ashgate Publishing Richards, G., Wilson J. (2004). The Impact of Cultural Events on City Image: Rotterdam, Cultural Capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41 (10), pp. 1931-1951. Schneider, C. P. (2010). The unrealized Potential of Cultural Diplomacy: â€Å"Best Practices† and what could be, if only. Journal of Arts Management, Law S ociety, 39 (4), pp. 260-279. Swart, K., Bob, U. (2004). The Seductive Discourse of Development: The Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid. Third World Quarterly, 25 (7), pp. 1311-1324. Westerbeek, H. M., Turner, P., Ingerson, L. (2002). Key Success Factors in Bidding for Hall Mark Sporting Events. International Marketing Review, 19 (3), pp. 303-322. Winchester City Council (2012). Visit Winchester. Web. 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