Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 14

Maggie woke up slowly and almost luxuriously. She wasn't freezing. She wasn't aching or weakwith hunger. And she had an unreasonable feeling of safety. Then she sat up and the safe feeling disappeared. She was in Laundress's hut of earth bricks.Jeanne and P.J. were there, but Cady had been taken to another hut to be treated. Laundress hadstayed all night with her, and Maggie had no ideaif she was getting better or not. The frightened girl called Soaker brought them breakfast, but couldonly say that Cady was still asleep. Breakfast was the same as dinner last night hadbeen: a sort of thick oatmeal sweetened with huckle berries. Maggie ate it gratefully. It was good-atleast to somebodyas hungry as she was. â€Å"We're lucky to have it,† Jeanne said, stretching.She and P.J. were sitting opposite Maggie on thebare earth of the floor, eating with their fingers. They all were wearing the coarse, scratchy tunicsand loose leggings of slaves, and Maggie kept goinginto spasms of twitching when the material made her itch somewhere she couldn't reach. Maggie'sclothes, including her precious socks, were hiddenat the back of the hut. â€Å"They don't grow much grain or vegetable stuff,† Jeanne was saying. â€Å"And of course slaves don't getto eat any meat. Only the vampires and the shapeshifters get to eat blood or flesh.† P.J. shivered, hunching up her thin shoulders. â€Å"When you say it like that, it makes me not wantto eat it.† Jeanne gave a sharp-toothed grin. â€Å"They're afraidit would make the slaves too strong. Everythinghere's designed for that. Maybe you noticed, there'snot much in the slave quarters made of wood.† Maggie blinked. She hadnoticed that vaguely, atthe back of her mind. The huts were made of bricks, with hard-packeddirtfloors. And there wereno wooden tools like rakes or brooms lying around. â€Å"But what do they burn?† she asked, looking atthe small stone hearth built right on the floor ofthe hut. There was a hole in the roof above to letsmoke out. â€Å"Charcoaled wood, cut in little pieces. They makeit out in the forest in charcoal pits, and it's strictly regulated. Everybody only gets so much. If they find a slave with extra wood, they execute 'em.† â€Å"Because wood kills vampires,† Maggie said. Jeanne nodded. â€Å"And silverkills shapeshifters.Slaves are forbidden to have silver, too-not thatany of them are likely to get hold of any.† P.J. was looking out the small window of the hut.There was no glass in it, and last night it had been stuffed with sacking against the cold air. â€Å"If slaves can't eat meat, what are those?† she asked. Maggie leaned to look. Outside two big calves were tethered to iron pickets. There were also a dozen trussed-up chickens and a pig in a pen madeof rope. â€Å"Those are for Night People,† Jeanne said. â€Å"The shapeshifters and witches eat regular food – and sodo the vampires, when they want to. It looks likethey're going to have a feast they don t bring theanimals here until they're ready to slaughter.† P.J.'s face was troubled. â€Å"I feel sorry for them,† she said softly. â€Å"Yeah, well, there are worse things than beinghit over the head,† Jeanne said. â€Å"See those cagesjust beyond the pig? That's where the exotics are ?tigers and things they bring in to hunt. That's a bad way to die.† Maggie felt ice down her spine. â€Å"Let's hope wenever have to find out – 2†² she was beginning, whena flash of movement outside caught her eye. â€Å"Get down!† she said sharply, and ducked out of ?line of sight of the window. Then, very carefully, with her body tense, she edged up to the opensquare again and peered out. â€Å"What is it?† Jeanne hissed. P.J. just cowered on thefloor, breathing quickly. Maggie whispered, â€Å"Sylvia.† Twofigures had appeared, walking through the back courtyard and talkingasthey went. Sylvia and Gavin. Sylvia's gown today was misty leaf green,and her hair rippled in shimmering waves over her shoulders. She looked beautiful and graceful andfragile. â€Å"Are they coming here?† Jeanne breathed. Maggie shook a hand-held low to the groundtoward her to be quiet. She was afraid of the samething. If the Night People began a systematic search of the huts, they were lost. But instead, Sylvia turned toward the cages thatheld the exotics. She seemed to be looking at the animals, occasionally turning to make a remarkto Gavin. â€Å"Now, what's she up to?† a voice murmured by Maggie's ear. Jeanne had crept up beside her. â€Å"I don't know. Nothing good,† Maggie whispered. â€Å"They must be planning a hunt,† Jeanne saidgrimly. â€Å"That's bad. I heard they were going to doa big one when Delos came to an agreement withHunter Redfern.† Maggie drew in her breath. Had things gone thatfar already? It meant she didn't have much timeleft. Outside, she could see Sylvia shaking her head,then moving on to the pens and tethers holding the domestic animals. â€Å"Get back,† Maggie whispered, ducking down.But Sylvia never looked at the hut. She made some remark while looking at the calves and smiling.Then she and Gavin turned and strolled backthrough the kitchen garden. Maggie watched until they were out of sight, chewing her lip. Then she looked at Jeanne. â€Å"I think we'd better go see Laundress.† The hut Jeanne led her to was a little bigger thanthe others and had what Maggie knew by now was an amazing luxury: two rooms. Cady was in thetiny room-hardly bigger than an alcove-in back. And she was looking better. Maggie saw it immediately. The clammy, feverish look was gone and so were the blue-black shadows under her eyes. Herbreathing was deep and regular and her lashes lay heavy and still on her smooth cheeks. â€Å"Is she going to be all right?† Maggie asked Laundress eagerly. The gaunt woman was sponging Cady's cheekswith a cloth. Maggie was Surprised at how tenderthe big red-knuckled hands could be. â€Å"She'll liveaslongasany of us,† Laundress said grimly, and Jeanne gave a wry snort. Even Maggie felt her lip twitch. She was beginning to like this woman. In fact, if Jeanne and Laundress were examples, the slaves here had a courage and a blackhumor that she couldn't help but admire. â€Å"I had a daughter,† Laundress said. â€Å"She wasabout this one's age, but she had that one's coloring.† She nodded slightly atP.J.,who clutched atthe baseball cap stashed inside her tunic and smiled. Maggie hesitated, then asked. â€Å"What happenedto her?† â€Å"One of the nobles saw her and liked her,† Laundress said. She wrung out the cloth and put itdown, then stood briskly. When she saw Maggiestill looking at her, she added,asif she were talkingabout the weather, â€Å"He was a shapeshifter, a wolfnamed Autolykos. He bit her and passed his curse on to her, but then he got tired of her. One nighthe made her run and hunted her down.† Maggie's knees felt weak. She couldn't think ofanything to say that wouldn't be colossally stupid,so she didn't say anything. P.J. did. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she said in a husky little voice, and she put her small hand in Laundress'srough one. Laundress touched the top of the shaggy blondheadasif she were touching an angel. â€Å"Urn, can I talk to her? Cady?† Maggie asked,blinking fast and clearing her throat. Laundress looked at her sharply. â€Å"No. You won'tbe able to wake her up. I had to give her strong medicine to fight off what they'd given her. Youknow how the potion works.† Maggie shook her head. â€Å"What potion?† â€Å"They gave her calamus and bloodwort-andother things. It was a truth potion.† â€Å"You mean they wanted to get information outof her?† Laundress only dignified that with a bare nod foran answer. â€Å"But I wonder why?† Maggie looked at Jeanne,who shrugged. â€Å"She's a witch from Outside. Maybe they thoughtshe knew something.† Maggie considered another minute, then gave itup. She would just have to ask Cady when Cadywas awake. â€Å"There was another reason I wanted to see you,†she said to Laundress, who was now briskly cleaning up the room. â€Å"Actually, a couple of reasons. Iwanted to ask you about this.† She reached inside her slave tunic and pulled outthe photo of Miles that she'd taken from her jacketlast night. â€Å"Have you seen him?† Laundress took the picture between a callusedthumb and forefinger and looked at it warily.†Wonderfully small painting,† she said. â€Å"It's called a photograph. It's not exactlypainted.† Maggie was watching the woman's face,afraid to hope. There was no sign of recognition. â€Å"He's related toyou,† Laundress said, holding the photo to Maggie. â€Å"He's my brother. From Outside, you know? Andhis girlfriend was Sylvia Weald. He disappeared last week.† â€Å"Witch Sylvia!† a cracked, shaky voice said. Maggie looked up fast. There was an old womanin the doorway, a tiny, wizened creature with thin white hair and a face exactly like one of the driedapple dolls Maggie had seen at fairs. â€Å"This is Old Mender,† Jeanne said. â€Å"She sews uptorn clothes, you know? And she's the other healing woman.† â€Å"So this is the Deliverer,† the cracked voice said, and the woman shuffled closer, peering at Maggie.†She looks like an ordinary girl, until youseethe eyes.† Maggie blinked.-Oh-thanks,-she said. Secretlyshe thought that Old Mender herself looked morelike a witch than anyone she'd ever seen in her life. But there was bright intelligence in the old wom-. an's birdlike gaze and her little smile was sweet. â€Å"Witch Sylvia came to the castle a week ago,† shetold Maggie, her head on one side. â€Å"She didn't have any boy with her, but she was talking about a boy.My grand-nephew Currier heard her. She was telling Prince Delos how she'd chosen a human for aplaything, and she'd tried to bring him to the castlefor Samhain. But the boy did something-turnedon her somehow. And so she had to punish him,and that had delayed her.† Maggie's heart was beating in her ears. â€Å"Punishhim,† she began, and then she said, â€Å"What'sSamhain?† â€Å"Halloween,† Jeanne said. â€Å"The witches here normally have a big celebration at midnight.† Halloween. All right. Maggie's mind was whirringdesperately, ticking over this new information. Sonow she knew for certain that Sylvia hadgone Ink ing on Halloween with Miles, just as she'd told thesheriffs and rangers. Or maybe they'd been driving, if Jeanne's story about a mysterious pass that onlyNight People could see was true. But anyway they'dbeen coming here, to the Dark Kingdom. Andsomething had delayed them. Miles had done something that made Sylvia terribly angry and changed her mind about taking him to the castle. And made her†¦punish him. In some way thatMaggie wasn't supposed to be able to guess. Maybe she just killed him after all, Maggiethought, with an awful sinking in her stomach. Shecould have shoved him off a cliff easily. Whatevershe did, he never made it here-right? â€Å"So there isn't any human boy in the dungeon oranything?† she asked, looking at Laundress andthen Mender. But she knew the answer before theyshook their heads. Nobody recognizes him. He can't be here. Maggie felt her shoulders slump. But althoughshe was discouraged and heartsick, she wasn't defeated. What she felt instead was a hard little burning like a coal in her chest. She wanted more than ever to grab Sylvia and shake the truth out of her. At the very least, if nothing else, I'm going to findout how he died. Because that's important. Funny how it didn't seem impossible anymorethat Miles was dead. Maggie had learned a lot since coming to this valley. People got hurt and died andhad other awful things happen to them, and thatwas that. The ones left alive had to find some wayof going on. But not of forgetting. â€Å"You said you had two reasons for coming to seeme,† Laundress prompted. She was standing with her big hands on her hips, her gaunt body erectand looking just slightly impatient. â€Å"Have you comeup with a plan, Deliverer?† â€Å"Well-sort of. Not exactly a planso much as well, I guess it's a plan.† Maggie floundered, tryingto explain herself. The truth was that she'd come up with the most basic plan of all. To go see Delos. That was it. The simplest, most direct solution.She was going to get him alone and talk to him.Use the weird connection between them if she hadto. Pound some sort of understanding into histhick head. And put her life on the line to back up her words. Jeanne thought the slaves were going to be killedwhen Hunter Redfern and Delos made their deal. Maggie was a slave now. If the other slaves werekilled, Maggie would be with them. And you're betting that he'll care,a nasty littlevoice in her brain whispered. But you don't reallyknow that. He keeps threatening to kill you himself. He specifically warned you not to come to thecastle. Well, anyway, we're going to find out, Maggie told the little voice. And if I can't convince him, I'llhave to do something more violent. â€Å"I need to get into the castle,† she said to Laundress. â€Å"Not just into the kitchen, you know, but theother rooms-wherever I might be able to findPrince Delos alone.† â€Å"Alone? You won't find him alone anywhere buthis bedchamber.† â€Å"Well, then, I have to go there.† Laundress was watching her narrowly. â€Å"Is it assassination you've got in mind? Because I knowsomeone who has a piece of wood.† â€Å"It†¦ .† Maggie stopped and took a breath. â€Å"I really hope it isn't going to come to that. Butmaybe I'd better take the wood, just in case.† And you'd better hope for a miracle, the nastyvoice in her mind said. Because how else are yougoing to overpower him? Jeanne was rubbing her forehead. When shespoke, Maggie knew she'd been thinking along thesame lines. â€Å"Look, dummy, are you sure this is agood idea? I mean, he's-â€Å" â€Å"A Night Person,† Maggie supplied.†And you're=' â€Å"Just an ordinary human.† â€Å"She's the Deliverer,† P.J. said stoutly, and Maggie paused to smile at her. Then she turned back to Jeanne. â€Å"I don't knowif it's a good idea, but it's my only idea. And I knowit's dangerous, but I have to do it.† She looked awkwardly at Laundress and Old Mender. â€Å"The truthis that it's not just about you people here. If whatJeanne told you about Hunter Redfern is right,then the whole human world is in trouble.† â€Å"Oh, the prophecies,† Old Mender said, and cackled. â€Å"You know them, too?† â€Å"We slaves hear everything.† Old Mender smiled and nodded. â€Å"Especially when it concerns our own prince. I remember when he was little-I was theQueen's seamstress then, before she died. Hismother knew the prophecies, and she said, ‘In blue fire, the final darkness is banished.In blood, the final price is paid.† Blood, Maggie thought. She knew that blood hadto run before Delos could use the blue fire, butthis sounded as if it were talking about something darker. Whose blood? she wondered. â€Å"And the final darkness is the end of the world,right?† she said. â€Å"So you can see how important itis for me to change Delos's mind. Not just for theslaves, but for all humans.† She looked at Jeanne asshe spoke. Laundress and Old Mender didn't knowanything about the world Outside, but Jeanne did. Jeanne gave a sort of grudging nod, to say that, yeah, putting off the end of the world was important. â€Å"Okay, so we have to try it. We'd better findout which slaves are allowed in his room, and thenwe can go up and hide. The big chambers havewardrobes, right?† She was looking at Old Mender,who nodded. â€Å"We can stay in one of those-â€Å" â€Å"That's a good idea,† Maggie interrupted. â€Å"Everything but the we. You can't go with me this time.This is something I have to do alone.† Jeanne gave an indignant wriggle of her shoulders. Her red hair seemed to stand up in protest and her eyes were sparking. â€Å"That's ridiculous. Ican help. There's noreason† â€Å"There is, too, a reason,† Maggie said. â€Å"It's too dangerous. Whoever goes there might get killedtoday. If you stay here, you may at least have afew more days.† When Jeanne opened her mouthto protest, she went on, â€Å"Days to try and figure outa new plan, okay? Which will probably be just as dangerous. And, besides, I'd like somebody towatch over P.J. and Cady for as longaspossible.† She gave P.J. a smile, and P.J. lifted her head resolutely, obviously trying to stop her chin fromquivering.,., Ido need to do it alone,† Maggie said gently, turning back to Jeanne. Somewhere in herown mind, she was standing back, astonished. Whowould have ever thought, when she first met Jeannein the cart, that she would end up having to talkher out of trying to get killed with Maggie? Jeanne blew air out pursed lips, her eyes narrowed. Finally she nodded. â€Å"Fine, fine. You go conquer the vampire and Illstay and arrange the revolution.† â€Å"I bet you will,† Maggie said dryly. For a momenttheir eyes met, and it was like that first time, whenan unspoken bond had formed between them. â€Å"Try to take care of yourself. You're not exactlythe smartest, you know,† Jeanne said. Her voice was a little rough and her eyes were oddly shiny. â€Å"I know,† Maggie said. The next moment Jeanne sniffed and cheered up.†I just thought of who's allowed up into the bedrooms in the morning,† she said. â€Å"You can helpher, and shell lead you to Delos's room.† Maggie looked at her suspiciously. â€Å"Why are youso happy about it? Who is it?† â€Å"Oh, you'll like her. She's called Chamber-potEmptier.†

Patients With Neurologic Dysfunction Health And Social Care Essay

Keshin Himura is a 42-year-old patient diagnosed with pituitary prolactinoma, a benign tumour that arises from the pituitary secretory organ, ensuing in a lessening in libido and powerlessness and increased milk production of the chest. The patient besides has ailments of concern and sleepiness and the presence of ocular field alterations and papilledema preoperatively.What postoperative attention should the nurse provide the patient?The nurse should supply the undermentioned postoperative attention to the patient: Evaluate joke physiological reaction and ability to get down Offer semisoft diet Perform neurologic cheques Monitor critical marks Maintain neurologic flow chart Reorient patient when necessary to individual, clip and topographic point If with ictuss, carefully proctor and and protect from hurt Check motor map at intervals Assess for centripetal perturbations Evaluate addressThe patient ‘s household asks the nurse how will they cognize that the jobs the patient had before surgery have stopped ; what is the nurse ‘s best response?Through observation, carry oning series of trial that will be provided by the doctor ( e.g. MRI, CT scans ) to look into if the tumours are already diminished, because presence of tumour will still suppress the marks and symptoms of the upset. The primary aim of the surgical intercession is to take or destruct the full tumour without increasing the neurologic shortage and to alleviate symptoms by decompression. And if there is no grounds of tumour, the normal degrees of endocrine would return in usual, the patient will no longer see the symptoms of the disease.What direction schemes should the nurse anticipate will be ordered to care for diabetes insipidus if it occurs?The aim of the therapy is: To replace ADH To guarantee equal fluid replacing To rectify the implicit in intracranial job ( pituitary prolactinoma ) A unstable want trial is ordered by the doctor to corroborate for the diagnosing of diabetes insipidus by: keep backing fluids by 8 to 12 hours Patient is weighed often during the trial Plasma and urine osmolality surveies are performed at the beginning and terminal of the trial. The inability to increase the specific gravitation and osmolality of the piss is an indicant of Diabetes insipidus Pharmacologic Therapy Administer Desmopressin ( DDAVP ) intranasally, BID as ordered Nursing Management Establish baseline informations ( weight, BP, I/O spiel ) , Monitor BP and weight often throughout therapy and study sudden alterations to physician Monitor I/O and specific gravitation and serum osmolality as ordered If patient has Coronary arteria disease, utilize this drug with cautiousness as this drug causes vasoconstriction Avoid concentrated fluids as this addition piss volumeWhat discharge instructions should the nurse provide the patient and household?Most patients will pass at least one dark in the intensive attention unit ( ICU ) and so typically 2 or 3 extra darks on a regular ( non-ICU ) ward after surgery The patient will probably hold some incisional hurting and mild to chair concern for which he will be given pain medicine. A CT scan or MRI will be ordered before discharge Ask patient to return 2-3weeks after surgery Inform patient to return 2-3months after 1st check-up Inform household to watch out for marks of DI ( intense thirst, frequent micturition ) . Refer instantlyManagement of Patients with Neurologic DysfunctionA ACase Study 2Hiehachi Nishima, a 22-year-old patient who weighs 150 lbs, nowadayss to the exigency section ( ED ) after being thrown from his Equus caballus and go throughing out for a few proceedingss ; he regained consciousness. The friend who was besides siting a Equus caballus called the squad. The patient presented with a GCS of 15, and the neuro test was within normal bounds ( WNL ) . The ED physician wrote the orders for a CT scan without contrast of the caput, CBC, nephritic and metabolic profile, PT, PTT, and INR. The nurse sent the labs and had the IV of NS at keep-open rate per ED protocol hanging. The nurse was expecting radiology to name for the patient to travel for the CT when the patient had an epileptic call, became unconscious, stiffened his full organic structure, and so had violent musculus contractions. The re spirations are really shallow, and the lips and nail bed became bluish. The patient lost control of vesica and intestine. The patient spot his lingua and blood is coming from the oral cavity. The radiology section calls and is ready for the patient.List in the right order the actions that should be taken by the nurse.Before and during a ictus, the patient is assessed and the undermentioned points are documented: The fortunes before the ictus The happening of aura The first thing the patient does in the ictus – where motions or stiffness Begins, conjugate regard place, place of caput The type of motions in the portion of the organic structure involved The countries of the organic structure involved The size of the students and whether the eyes are unfastened Whether the eyes or the caput are turned to one side The presence or absence of automatisms Incontinence of piss or stool Unconsciousness and its continuance Any obvious palsy or failing of weaponries or legs after the ictus Inability to talk after the ictus Motions at the terminal of the ictus Whether or non the patient slumbers or non afterwards Cognitive position after the ictus In add-on to supplying informations about the ictus, nursing attention is directed at forestalling hurt and back uping the patient non merely physically but besides psychologically. Consequences such as anxiousness, embarrassment, weariness, and depression can be lay waste toing to the patient. After the patient has a ictus, the nurse ‘s function is to document the events taking to and happening during and after the ictus to forestall complications.Explain what type of ictus the patient is holding, and depict the three stages of the patient ‘s ictus and the specific nursing attention for each phase.The patient had a tonic-clonic ( gran mal ) ictus. There are three stages viz. the aura, the quinine water and the clonic stage. In the aura stage is the premonition of an epileptic onslaught. It characterized by episodes of Deja vu or Jamais vu. The client may besides hold auditory, olfactory, or even ocular hallucinations, unnatural gustatory sensations, and prickling esthesiss. Physical symptoms include giddiness, concern, dizziness, sickness, numbness. Though in this instance, the client did non demo marks of the aura stage. *Nsg Mgt: Provide privateness and protect the patient from funny looker-ons Patients who have an aura may hold clip to seek a safe, private topographic point Ease the patient to the floor, if possible Loosen constricting vesture Push aside any furniture that may wound the patient during a ictus If an aura precedes the ictus, insert an unwritten air passage to cut down the possibility of the patient ‘s seize with teething the lingua The following is the tonic stage. It is normally the shortest portion of the ictus, enduring non more than merely a few seconds. In this instance, it is when the patient had an epileptic call, became unconscious and stiffened his full organic structure. *Nsg Mgt: Protect the caput with a tablet to forestall hurt from striking a difficult surface If the patient is in bed, take pillows and raise side tracks The last is the clonic stage. It is when the client had violent musculus contractions, really shallow respirations, the lips and nail beds became bluish, lost control of vesica and intestine and seize with teeth his lingua. *Nsg Mgt: Do non try to prise unfastened jaws that are clenched in a cramp or to infix anything. Broken dentition and hurt to the lips and lingua may ensue from such an action. No effort should be made to keep the patient during the ictus because muscular contractions are strong and restraint can do hurt If possible, place the patient on one side with caput flexed frontward, which allows the lingua to fall frontward and facilitates drainage of spit and mucous secretion. If suction is available, utilize if necessary to clear secernments.The ED physician orders the followers: Valium ( Valium ) 10 milligram every 10 to 15 proceedingss prn for ictuss ( maximal dosage of 30 milligram ) . Once seizures halt, administer Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) 10 mg/kg IVPB. ECG monitoring continuously, VS, GCS, neuro cheques every 30 proceedingss. Explain what meds the nurse should supply, in what order, and how they should be administered.The nurse should supply Valium injection ( Valium ) 10 milligram IM PRN every 10 to 15 mins. ( max 30mg ) for his ictus to relief the musculus cramp. For the long term alleviation, administer Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) 10 mg/kg IVPB lading dose STAT, one time the ictuss stop. Dilantin ( diphenylhydantoin ) is an anti-seizure medicine ( anticonvulsant ) , parti cularly to forestall tonic-clonic ( expansive mal ) ictuss and complex partial ictuss ( psychomotor ictuss ) .We use piggyback to administrate different IV drugs at different times. Dilantin can do crossness to the venas and can do serious tissue and/or nervus harm if it infiltrates. So we should administrate it with normal saline. Pull up the drugs in a syringe and attach it to the piggyback port on the IV tube cassette, which is run at the same time with the primary IV fluid ( normal saline ) . Run it easy and maintain an oculus on the ECG proctor. This ECG monitoring should be done continuously to assist place irregular pulses. For the critical marks, Glasgow coma graduated table and neuro V/S, it should be look into every 30 proceedingss to supply dependable, nonsubjective manner of entering the witting province of a individual for initial every bit good as subsequent appraisal.Group AssignmentsHave each member reference nursing direction related to caring for an unconscious pat ient. Preventing Urinary Retention Palpate vesica at intervals to find whether urinary keeping is present If patient is non invalidating, an indwelling catheter is inserted and connected to a closed drainage system as ordered Observe for febrility and cloudy piss for infection Observe the country around the urethral opening for any drainage Equally shortly as consciousness is regained, a bladder-training plan initiated Promote Bowel Function Assess venters for dilatation by listening for intestine sounds ( irregular rippling sounds should be heard every 5-20sec ) Measuring the girth of the venters with a tape step. Proctor for the figure and consistence of intestine motions Perform rectal scrutiny for marks of faecal impaction as ordered. Stool softeners may be prescribed and can be administered with tubing eatings Glycerin suppository may be indicated to ease intestine emptying May require clyster every other twenty-four hours to empty lower colon Maintain Skin and Joint Integrity Monitor force per unit area countries for possible ulcerations Establish a regular agenda of turning to avoid force per unit area, which can do breakdown and mortification of the tegument This provides kinaesthetic, proprioceptive and vestibular stimulation Avoid dragging and drawing the patient up in the bed, because this creates a shearing force and clash on the tegument surface Maintain correct organic structure place Passive exercising of the appendages is of import to forestall contractures Splints or foam boots may be used to forestall foot bead and force per unit area of bedding on the toes Trochanter axial rotations may be used to back up the hip articulations and maintain the legs in proper alliance Supplying Mouth Care Inspect oral cavity for waterlessness, redness, and crusting Cleanse and rinse oral cavity carefully to take secernments and crusts and to maintain the mucose membranes moist Administer petroleum jelly on the lips to forestall drying, checking and incrustations. If patient has an endotracheal tubing, the tubing should be moved to the opposite side of the oral cavity and lips Perform everyday tooth brushing every 8hrs to diminish ventilator-associated pneumonia Keeping the Airway Promote the caput of bed to 30 grades to forestall aspiration. Topographic point the client in sidelong place to let the jaw and lingua to fall frontward to advance drainage of secernments. Suction for secernments as needed Maintain unwritten hygiene Chest physical therapy and postural drainage to advance pneumonic hygiene Auscultate the patient ‘s thorax every 8 hours to measure for any deviated breath sounds. If the patient has a mechanical ventilator, maintain the patency of the endotracheal tubing or tracheotomy, supply unwritten attention, monitor arterial blood gas measurings and keeping ventilator scenes. Protecting the Patient Raise side rails up every bit ever to forestall hurt Ensure the patient ‘s self-respect during altered LOC, talking to the client during nursing attention activities. Keeping Fluid Balance and Managing Nutritional Needs Assess tegument turgor and mucose membrane for waterlessness Monitor for consumption and end product and find the demands for catheterisation Continuing Corneal Integrity Patient ‘s eyes may be cleansed with cotton balls moistened with unfertile normal saline to take any discharge. For unreal cryings ( prescription by the doctor ) , may present every 2 hours. Keeping Body Temperature The environment can be adjusted ( depending on the patient ‘s status ) to advance normal organic structure temperature. If body temperature is elevated, a minimal sum of bedclothes is used. For geriatric patients and does n't hold any elevated temperature, a heater environment is needed. Supplying Centripetal Stimulation Communicate with patient, and promote the household members to make it so. Orient the patient to clip, day of the month, and topographic point one time for every 8 hours. Have each group member develop a nursing diagnosing related to a patient with an altered degree of consciousness. Identify possible jobs and complications related to the nursing diagnosing.Nursing DiagnosisPotential Problems and Complications1. Ineffective airway clearance related to altered degree of consciousness Aspiration 2. Hazard for impaired tegument unity related to prolonged stationariness Bed sore Pressure ulceration 3. Impaired Urinary riddance: keeping related to impairment in neurologic detection and control Bladder dilatation Infection Formation of rocks 4. Impaired tissue unity of cornea related to decrease or remove corneal physiological reaction Periorbital hydrops Ulcers Corneal scratchs 5. Deficient fluid volume related to inability to take fluids by oral cavity Dehydration Cerebral hydrops 6. Interrupted household processes related to alterations in the cognitive and physical position of their loved 1 Crisis Severe anxiousness, denial, choler, compunction, heartache, and rapprochement 7. Hazard for hurt related to decreased LOC Fallss 8. Ineffective thermoregulation related to damage to hypothalamic centre Hyperthermia 9. Impaired unwritten mucose membrane related to talk external respiration, absence of guttural physiological reaction and altered fluid intake Dryness Inflammation Crusting 10. Bowel incontinency related to impairment neurologic detection and control Abdominal dilatation Diarrhea Frequent loose stools As a group, place possible complications that may originate in the postoperative stage of cranial surgery. Increased ICP Monro-Kellie hypothesis provinces that, because of the limited infinite for enlargement within the skull, an addition in any one of the constituents causes a alteration in the volume of the others.because encephalon tissue has limited infinite to spread out, compensation typically is accomplished by displacing or switching CSF, increasing the soaking up or decreasing the production of CSF, or diminishing intellectual volume ensuing to an addition ICP. Bleeding and hypovolaemic daze An accretion of blood under the bone flap ( epidural, subdural, or intracerebral haematoma ) may present a menace to life. A coagulum must be suspected in any patient who does non rouse as expected or whose conditions deteriorates. Fluid and electrolyte perturbations IV solutions and blood constituent therapy for patients with intracranial conditions must be administered easy. If they are administered excessively quickly, they can increase ICP. The measure of fluids administered may be restricted to minimise the possibility of intellectual hydrops. Infection The hazard of infection is great when ICP is monitored with an intraventricular catheter and increases with the continuance of the monitoring. Seizures Underliing cause is an electrical perturbation in the nervus cells in one subdivision of the encephalon. An unnatural motor, sensory, autonomic, or physical activity that consequence from sudden inordinate discharge from intellectual nerve cells. Have each group member place a type of ictus. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosing, and intervention of each.Generalized Seizures:This are seizures that chiefly involves electrical charges in the whole encephalon, its clinical manifestations includes loss of consciousness for a short or long period of clip.Types of SeizureClinical Manifestationâ€Å" Grand Mal † or Generalized tonic-clonicUnconsciousness Paroxysms Muscle rigidnessAbsenceShort loss of unconsciousnessMyoclonicIrregular jerked meat motionsClonicInsistent jerked meat motionsTonicMuscle stiffness and rigidnessAtonicLoss of musculus tone Diagnosis: Physical scrutiny peculiarly neurologic scrutiny Electroencephalogram For impermanent and reversible causes of ictuss: Blood chemical science Blood sugar Complete Blood Count Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Kidney map trial Liver map trials Trial to find the cause and location: EEG ( electroencephalograph ) to mensurate the electrical activity in the encephalon Head CT or MRI scan Lumbar puncture-spinal pat Treatment: When a ictus occurs, protect the individual from hurt, make the environment safe for you and the patient. Protect the patient ‘s caput Loosen tight vesture Put the patient into a side-lying place if vomiting occurs Stay with patient until she or he is to the full recovered Monitor the patient ‘s critical marks Medicines such as antiepileptics may be given as ordered to cut down the figure of future ictuss. The DO N'T ‘s During Seizures: Do n't keep the patient Do n't put anything between the patient ‘s dentition during a ictus Do n't travel the patient unless he or she is in danger or near something risky Do n't seek to halt the patient from convulsing.Partial Seizures:This are seizures that chiefly involves electrical charges in one portion of the encephalon, its clinical manifestations includes unnatural musculus motions, automatisms, unnatural esthesiss, hallucinations, sickness, perspiration, dilated students, rapid bosom rate and pulsation rate, alterations in vision.Types of SeizureClinical ManifestationSimple( consciousness is integral ) Jerky motions Muscle rigidness, cramp Unusual esthesis Memory and emotional perturbationComplex( consciousness is impaired ) Automatisms: lip slap, masticating, walking and insistent involuntary and coordinated motions Diagnosis: CT scan Magnetic resonance imaging Electroencephalogram EEG-video recordings Treatment: Vagus Nerve Stimulation in which a little battery is implanted in the chest wall which will plan to present short explosions of energy to the encephalon. Corpus Callosotomy is a type of surgical intercession that will cut the connexions between the two sides of the encephalon that will forestall bead attacks.. Multiple sub-pial transection which is a surgical technique that will cut a certain connexion between nervus cells.

1. The war on terror is more important than the war on poverty Essay

1. The war on terror is more important than the war on poverty. Discuss - Essay Example Appendix A shows a table of the cost of various war events. This essay analyzes the impact the current war on terror has on the worldwide battle against hunger. The official data the war between the United States and its allies commence was after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers in which two commercial airplanes were used as missiles by suicidal bombers who took hostile all the civilians abort these aircrafts. Thousands of people lost their lives and the top financial epicenter in the world was shutdown causing chaos. The airline transportation and energy industry were hit hard as well as the entire global economy since it entered into disequilibrium. The efforts of the developed nation that today compose G8 were not doing enough to battle world hunger prior to the war, after the start on Terror the battle against hunger became even less important to the developed world and huge amounts of funds were diverted for war related activities. Around the world there are many places in which its inhabitants simply do not have anything to eat and suffer from malnutrition to the level that people are dying on hunger which is why the existence of this atrocity and the efforts to combat it is called the war on hunger. In the southern part of Africa below the Sahara there are over 33 million children living in malnutrition in a sub-human standard of living; in 2006 five million children in Africa died from malnutrition a figure that represents 40% of the deaths worldwide (Country Insight, 2007). Society has to stop this immediately and bring a resolution to end this war in order to ensure everyone on earth has a plate of food on the table. Other regions that are suffering the victims of the battle against hunger are the overpopulated country of India, the Middle East region and Latin America. The war of poverty requires trillions of dollars as well a plan to develop the economies of these nation for them

History of architecture; transformation of the basilica 'type' form Essay

History of architecture; transformation of the basilica 'type' form from the Imperial Roman use to the use by the (Western) Catholic Church - Essay Example The structures of these buildings were designed for varying use with a consistency for certain characteristics, and a new form of decoration and building evolved. The new construction in Rome like Saint Peters, Saint John in Lateran and Saint Pauls Outside the Walls deviated from the Roman baths that used massive engineering made of brick and concrete and from the classical and simple form of temple, to colonnades circling a cella or chamber. The new construction adopted elements from traditional market places, military and riding halls and judiciary building where the interior colonnade separates the space into a major longitudinal space and aisles. These elements were employed in an innovative way to form a religious gathering hall with a better ground plan and varying interior and exterior effects to house new functions according to the evolving liturgy of the Christian church. Saint Peters Basilica has the characteristics of this form of planning and structure. Since the Basilica is situated adjacent to a hill, the way to entrance gate is connected with a monumental stairway. The Basilica has a large atrium or colonnaded court with a purification facility from a fountain. The church is a five aisled basilica with colonnades separating two aisles. The longitudinal space leads to a broad arch opening to a transverse space called the transept. An elevated sanctuary or bema is constructed after the transept and the high alter is situated on the bema in an apse or semicircular area. Saint Peters basilica is covered using a timber roof. The basilica also has sloping roof above the aisle with a gabled roof above the nave (Calkins p.10). The spatial logics of the basilica permits only partial view of the ceremony. The ruler or emperor was the only layman allowed to enter the sanctuary. The participation of the emperor along with the clergy in the liturgical function by

A Year In The South(BOOK) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Year In The South(BOOK) - Essay Example What follows then is a compelling story of hope, despair and tribulations during the collapse of the confederacy and the raise of a new south to show, that the end of the civil war impacted heavily across all persons from different backgrounds and classes. The end of the civil war brought with it an overwhelming financial crisis. Poverty was widespread and all the southerners were undergoing a turbulent time in making their ends meet. In the book, Cornelia was one of the vast refugees who fled as a result of lack of food during the civil war era (Brown, p.4). Even in her new home, Lexington Virginia, she still had to struggle to obtain food for herself and her seven children. In public she casts herself as a cheerful and jovial figure but when alone she says that she would, â€Å"go up the stairs and throw myself on my knees and cry to God for food† (Ash, p.167). Louis Hughes, on the other hand, is a freed slave battling to gain independence and self-sufficiency for him and his family by envisioning that the end of the war would mark his independence together with the other slaves. He thus engages in the business of selling tobacco plugs within the slave community. The business was booming at the beginning, but with the collaps e of the confederate authority in the state he says that his, â€Å"happy interlude† came to an end (Ash, p.28). Besides the economic downturn caused by the confederate war, Steven V. Ash also manages to capture the social, as well as the political turmoil that were taking shape upon the demise of the confederate south. Samuel Agnew, being the son of a minister and later a minister himself, was exempt from conscription into the confederate military. However, towards the end of the war Agnew is forced to accept the political changes that were taking place in the south. He was forced to accept the freedom of all slaves who toiled in his

History of Botswana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Botswana - Essay Example There was a high expectation that the northern region of what was to become the Republic of Botswana was under the British colonies that was protecting it. They were located in the north of the Molopo River and their intention was to merge the protectorate with the south of the region. The southern part of that region was under the colony of Cape. The British controlled the area called Bechuanaland after a request to put it under its protection was influenced by the then tribal leader, Khama III. Khama traveled to the United Kingdom to request the British to put their land under the protection of the crown so that it was not disturbed by their hostile neighbors. To but their land under their protectorate, the colonial secretary requested that it allows the British to construct railway line across their land that later came to be an economic opportunity to their land as it had opened them up to trade. In the early twentieth century, particularly 1910, the Cape politicians wanted to jo in the Bechuanaland and this was influenced by the Union of South Africa, but it would later become a challenge to join the state. Before the Cape politicians could join the Bechuanaland, there was to be a signed agreement between the rulers of Bechuanaland and the British. The grandson of Khama III by the name of Seretse Khama went to the United Kingdom to study at the Oxford University. At that time, their neighbors, South Africa, had introduced apartheid laws that restricted the intermarriage and other fundamental rights between different races.

Tibet Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tibet Civilization - Essay Example It was fused with imperialism and became the religion of the kings during the reign of Song Tsen Gampo who ruled from 617 AD to 650 AD. He married two Chinese princesses who were Buddhists. He had the holy book of Sutras translated into the Tibetan language and thus the common people were able to read and understand the Buddhist scriptures. In the 8th century, King Trisong Detsen brought in the great Buddhist scholars from India, Pandit Shantarakshita, Kamalasila and Padmasambhava to spread the word of Lord Buddha. The first spiritual community was set up as a Buddhist monastery in Samye. This helped the Indian version of Buddhism to be established in Tibet and not the Chinese version. In 842 AD, King Lang Dharma persecuted Buddhists and tried to uproot the religion as he tried to bring back the original Bon religion. By 978, during the reign of King Yeshe, Buddhism was revived and with the help of Indian pundits, Buddhism was brought back as the official religion. According to Smith (2001, p. 45-49), final product of Buddhism was a combination of Mahayana Buddhism and the Tantric movement. Mahayana actually began as a splinter group from the Buddhist Mahasangha and it prescribed a more liberal monastic tradition and attitude for the followers. The followers of Buddhism were used to the Mahabharata and the Ramayana and they had notions of heroes, evil sprits, good, bad and other folklore. Accordingly, Lord Buddha was represented as different godlike Buddha images in different stages. With this belief came the adherence to sutras that are holy utterances and scriptures. Tantras are holy scriptures and writings that explain the process of enlightenment through rebirths and the endless wheel of life. Tantra was practiced by the Siddhi, the expert who knows the secrets of Buddhism. The most important of the sutras are Prajà ±aparamita also called as the Perfection of Wisdom; Suddharma-pundarika or the true Dharma; Vimalakirti-nirdesha or

Feasibility Analysis Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Feasibility Analysis Case Study - Essay Example This makes NPV a wiser option compared to leasing. Purchasing VoIP will also incur savings on maintenance costs too. The basic costs in acquiring VoIP include the initial setting up of the equipment which has to be purchased. It should be ensured that the equipment is in sync with the company’s existing system. Then the company’s employees are complete novices to this system. They will also have to be trained. That’s another additional cost that needs to be considered. The NPV cost for purchasing is inclusive of trouble shooting and IT assistance costs. (Vercilo, 2007) VoIP technology is growing really fast and is becoming a growing business world over. Companies are adapting fast to the new needs of customers. There are constant developments going on in both medium scale and large scale businesses for which both on –premise and hosted VoIP systems are provided. It is thus important and essential to keep up with the growing trend of technology adoption. Vo IP is the way towards future goals. The paradigms of the world are changing. A lot of major computer companies have already started to integrate VoIP. Some of the big wigs that have purchased VoIP include Yahoo and Google.

Spa Package ( relates to beauty) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spa Package ( relates to beauty) - Essay Example In this respect, everyone must care about own health and use effective methods for improving its condition. Nowadays the sphere of services develops sufficiently to provide customers with a big variety of assortment that allows securing health and remaining beauty simultaneously. Strengthening the state of health and giving rest to whole body and soul can be reached with a help of spa centers, which may propose high quality and fair prices on the competitive market. Due to the accessibility of spa services, today visiting such centers is not a luxury but, first of all, it is a trivial care for own health. Spa procedures do not only ensure clients with medical treatment, but also create a body’s harmony with soul and mind. The word â€Å"spa† was taken from the name of health resort in Belgium (Tubergen 2002, p. 273). Historical origin starts in deep antiquity, when in Greece and Roman Empire a great interest to bath at mineral and thermal springs was aroused. The most common definition explains that spa is health-improving complex of procedures that consist of using sea, mineral, thermal or fresh water along with algae, medicinal herbs and medical mud. In other words, spa procedures provide a wide range of hydrotherapy programs. In nineteenth century spa centers have become especially popular in Europe and North America. Today the most notorious and luxurious resort is situated in Baden Baden. However, despite wild accessibility and propaganda about its positive medical effects, for long period of time Britain population doubted the efficiency and useful causes of spa procedures, considering such treatment as more for pleasure than for improving health condition. Currently spa programs obtain more acknowledgements by rheumatologists and dermatologists, insisting on hydrotherapy as medicinal procedure for numerous of deceases. Hence, according to Heywood’s research of several hospitals’ medical records, it was concluded that from 70 to

Selection and Decision Making in Recruitment Essay Example for Free

Selection and Decision Making in Recruitment Essay For this assignment I am required to produce an information leaflet, for a newly appointed manager, which will describe how to plan for effective selection interviews in order to appoint the perfect individual/s for the job. My chosen organisation is Tesco who conduct different selection processes for different jobs; I will be concentrating on the floor manager of a Tesco store. Newly appointed floor managers for my chosen organisation Tesco will have to plan ahead, communicate effectively and make discuss selection and decision making. One of the main things the manager has to do before the selection process even starts is prior planning, below is what the manager has to do before the interview takes place: The manager of Tesco has to plan prior to the interview; he/she has to select the interview panel. The manager of Tesco can select a supervisor and executive manager for the panel as these people are already working within the store and the manager doesnt have to go and get other human resources from headquarters which waste valuable time. Having a interview panel is effective as it makes sure discrimination against the applicant/s doesnt happen and also the panel can check if the level of techniques such as communicational skills are used throughout all the interviews, it makes sure standards dont slip. Types of interview: The manager has to decide what sort of interview he/she will have to under take, considering in this case the manager is a Tescofloor manager he/she should only consider group interviews if employing staff on a large scale such as floor staff, (shelf stackers, costumer service assistance etc) this will save time as larger number of applicants are interviews quicker, however, having group interview means not all skills of an individual may be known to the manager but this does not matter as much as these applicants are only floor staff. Also one-to-one interviews should be considered because these interviews discover a lot about the applicant as it is only one person and not a group, a one-to-one interview is suitable for a higher ranking job such as assistant manager as more skills are required compared to a shelf stacker. Tescos do not need to  conduct any other types of interviews such as telephone interviews because it is not suitable for the job they advertise. The amount of stages in the interview has to be considered, for Tesco the manager has a choice between singular staged or multiple staged interviews, it is suitable to have a multiple staged interview which Tesco currently do than a one staged interview, more stages means the applicant goes through intense testing and interviews meaning he/she is more likely to be suitable for the job. Doing a singular staged interview doesnt find out all the skills of a person and the wrong person may be selected for the job and also that person may perform bad on that one interview, whereas, having more than one stage means the performance can be averaged which is more fair. However, the more stages in interviews the more time, so, the manager has to consider time as it will take more time for multiple staged interviews. Other selection methods will have to be considered, Tesco currently undertake Psychometric Tests which measure the sensitivity or memory or intelligence or aptitude or personality of the applicant, this should be undertaken by the floor manager of Tescos as most of the staff will need good personality, memory etc for their job as they will be working with costumers. There are also multiple choice questions which are a series of question and usually four possible answers where one answer is correct, this usually finds out the technical knowledge of the applicant of the job. Finally, the manager must consider during the planning equal opportunities, he/she will have to undertake measures to make sure each applicant is treated equally and not discriminated; having an interview panel solves this problem as there is more than one person conducting the interview and less chance of discriminations. Also, a tape recorder can be used so if the applicant protests to the way he/she was treated, the tape can be used as evidence. Communicational Skills The manager has to consider his/hers/interviewers communicational skills; this is a vital role in an interview as it can make the applicant reject the  job due to inappropriate language used. Firstly, the manager has to decide whether to use effective, ineffective or a combination of both questions because asking too many ineffective questions may bore the applicant, whereas, having too many effective questions may make the applicant feel uncomfortable, so, I would recommend to use a combination of both effective and ineffective question so the applicant is neither bored or uncomfortable throughout the interview. As the floor manager will be looking for certain skills from his potential employees, asking various types questions would be ideal to find out the skills, this is an indirect way of knowing the applicants skills and is another way to check the applicant is not lying about his/her skills, a direct way of finding out about the skills is to look at the applicants CV, ask previous employer and/or ask direct questions to the applicant. I would recommend the manager to use various types of questions, below is what the manager should use or tell the interviewer to use during the interview itself: Open questions These are questions without a particular answer and makes the applicant feel less under pressure as its an indirect question, an example of an open question is Why do you want the job? or How do you handle stress?, the advantage of using these types of questions is that it lets the interviewer know the creative side of the applicant and is a way not making the applicant uncomfortable. Closed questions These are basically yes or no questions. They are very direct and I wouldnt recommend the manager to make use of these very much as they make the applicant feel uncomfortable, however, they do find out the relevant information and an example of a closed question is Do you have a criminal record? or Can you work in a group?. Hypothetical/ Situational These are similar types of questions, these are used to see if you would do the right thing during a situations e.g. the interviewer may ask what would you do if you saw someone stealing? this would be an ideal question as this person would be working in Tescos were stealing is quite common and the applicants answer should be something like I would inform security instead of saying something like I would ignore it which would send the wrong message out to the interviewer. The manager has to consider how personal information such as criminal records could be checked; he/she could either directly ask the applicant during the interview, check the applicants CV before the interview and/or check with the criminal records bureau to confirm any spent convictions. The manager of Tescos will also have to make sure the interviewer or himself make use of good body language, this means using the right tone of voice and not being rude, this makes the applicant feel welcomed and feel he/she is an ideal environment rather than in an environment where he/she is under pressure. At the same time the manager has to make sure that the interviewer listens to the applicant, it is always important to ask the applicant if he/she has anything to say rather than ending the interview with a goodbye. Furthermore, the interview is about the applicant not the interviewer, so, the applicant should be speaking more than the interviewer, and about 80% of the interview should be the applicant speaking. Analysis and summarisation of information gathered in the interview is vital as it is needed during short listing candidates, there are several ways in which the interviewer can gather information, firstly via a tape recorder, and this does not waste the interviewers time as he/she doesnt have to write much down. Secondly, the interviewer her/himself can simply use a pen and paper to gather information during the interview, however, this is time consuming and all information may not be accurate and finally, there could be two interviewers, on asking questions and the other gathering and analysing information, this is a good idea as this system also makes sure discrimination doesnt take place.

Assessing And Solving Ethical Dilemmas Philosophy Essay

Assessing And Solving Ethical Dilemmas Philosophy Essay Honesty is the cornerstone of character. The honest man or woman seeks not merely to avoid criminal or illegal acts , but to be scrupulously fair, upright, fearless in both action and expression .Honesty pays dividends both in dollars and in peace of mind. B.C Forbes What are Ethical dilemmas Ethical dilemmas occur generally when a person is made to choose between two or more alternatives and all of them seem right from different perspectives. Such dilemmas have a very blurred line between right and wrong thus complicating the decision making process for a person. Sometimes its not even a question of right or wrong but which of the alternatives is more viable. Decision is further made difficult by the varying amount of impact of each decision on the profitability, share price, market share, competitiveness, relations and various other factors. For e.g. should wealthier person be forced to pay more taxes for poor people in the society. Why ethical dilemmas exist For any organization, its difficult to maintain harmony as opinions of individuals vary, stakes are high and emotions run strong. This may give rise to ethical issues which in turn can become ethical dilemmas, also known as ethical paradox. Let us first try to understand as to how ethics can be maintained in an organization as well as individual: Justice It talks about rights and laws, rules and regulations, fairness etc. The good thing about it is that it accentuates on equality and believes in providing justice to all irrespective of any cast, creed etc. This helps in establishing ethical standards and the enforcement may cause people or organization to abide by the law and remain ethical. Care Nothing can beat positive organizational climate and the value for each others feelings. Strong personal connections and trust over each other may make ethical decisions simpler by simplifying the lines between good and bad. Power Sometimes power and influence and the resultant fear to abide by the rules and regulations keep people on track. If the autocratic behavior of a leader denounces unethical steps then it makes his/her followers also to choose the correct path guided by him. Community These days we find the topic of Corporate Social Responsibility being taken up very seriously by the organizations. To keep themselves in the good books of community, the firms have started acting in the welfare of community which itself closes some unethical measures by company. Profession One cant deny clashes between personal and professional codes. Both the employee and employer should be careful in choosing each other else it will lead to lot of unrest and instability to both the parties. Differences and issues related to work work give rise to conflicts. The differences can come from various factors like working style, personal differences etc but if the difference is due to an ethical clash, then it can have serious repercussions. The following diagram shows us that an individual does have ethical issues with the organization on whole or with the team due to which he may not be able to deliver his 100% best in the work he undertakes. How to resolve ethical dilemmas As such there are no fixed rules to decide what is to be followed in case of ethical dilemmas. As stated earlier its not just about right or wrong decisions but taking a decision which one feels is more appropriate in a given context. However there are some methods suggested by various people in the field of business ethics for deciding which better decision to be chosen by an organization or individual under given circumstances. For e.g. Organizations and individuals can choose to follow many of the suggested ethical theories for moving ahead with their decisions. But the most useful and most effective method of choosing an ethical decision seems to be finding a similar example of ethical dilemma in past with any other individual or organization. Analyzing the actions, the reasons for actions the consequences of those actions which took in the past gives us a very good idea about the direction in which a person should proceed in case of ethical dilemmas. Therefore before deciding o n any plan of action a person must analyze all the possible consequences of the act and must check for how are the actions in line with the moral values and principles governing the organization or individual. Few of the right consequences by taking right decision can be: Substantially improve society. Help maintaining a moral course in turbulent times Cultivate strong teamwork and productivity Support employee growth and meaning An insurance policy they help ensure that policies are legal Promote a strong public image Ethical dilemmas from Hindu epics In this part of the project we would describe the various ethical dilemma situations from the Hindu epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana. The situations described are very much character centric and hence each situation would be described in context of the character. But these situations from these epics can very clearly be seen even in present conditions across the world at individual level, family level, organization level or country level. Following are the characters and their ethical dilemma situations from epics : Bhishma : Bhishma also known as Gangaputra, meaning the son of Ganges (the holy river). The context of ethical dilemma being mentioned here with Bhishma is about his fighting the war of Mahabharata from the side of Kauravas while he always wanted the victory of his opponents Pandavas. This ethical dilemma shows how even a very powerful and highly knowledgeable person like Bhishma do fall in the ethical dilemma trap and are not able to make out clearly that which of the decisions are better to go with. Lets analyze the ethical dilemma of Bhishma on following criteria. Why such a dilemma happened Bhishma was an obedient son. He during the reign of his father, Shantanu took a pledge that he will always abide by the orders of the king. He also pledged that he will never marry and wont ever become the king himself. So at the time of Mahabharata war he was in dilemma because he was binded by his pledge towards following the orders of king and hence to fight the war from the side of Kauravas but at the same time he knew very well that objective of Kauravas for the war was not good. He knew that Pandavas are the true people for owning the throne of Hastinapur. He was actually confused between whether it is right to break his earlier pledge of obedience for what he considered right or to blindly follow his pledge. This is a perfect example of a manager in present condition who is trapped in a quandary to follow or refuse the decision by top management if he finds them in conflict with his own ethics though following them might pave way for his lucrative career. Consequences of Decision As per his decision of fighting for Kauravas against Pandavas, finally Bhishma lost the fight with Arjuna and died after the war was over. During his last moments he mentioned that it was a mistake on his part to consider himself above the nation or taking the side of an army which was not fighting for good reason. Conclusion By analyzing the character of Bhishma , we can conclude that though his intentions for serving his king were good but he made a mistake by blindly following it without reflecting on his decisions from time to time. He should have realized that welfare of the kingdom is an insurmountable purpose in priority and his personal decisions shouldnt defeat it. This lesson can be implemented in present scenario when an individual feels obliged on joining an organization and stops thinking if the organization is leading in the right path. He has to rationally figure out if the managerial decisions: legitimizes managerial actions strengthens the coherence and balance of the organizations culture improves trust in relationships between individuals and groups Supports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products/services. Cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprises values and messages. An analogy with Corporate real life case Hyundai Chairperson went to jail for embezzlement and breach of trust Problem: In late April 2006, Hyundai Motor Company chairman, Chung Mong-koo was arrested. This example would show us that the society interest prevails over individuals interest. Problem Details: The following month he was accused on charges of breach of trust, embezzling company funds, and causing damage to companies in the Hyundai group. Consequences: In April 2006, the directors of Hyundai apologized to the public and said the Chung family would donate assets worth Won 1 trillion to society. In June 2006, Chung appeared in court and admitted his guilt to a certain extent Karna : Eldest of the Pandava brothers, but not known to any of his brothers. Loyal friend of Duryodhana. Ethical dilemma of karna has been analyzed on following basis : Why such a dilemma happened Karna was son of Kunti (Mother of pandavas). He was born before kuntis marriage and hence because of fear of social repubation, kunti floated the child in the river. Karna was brought up by Adhirath, the chariot driver of king. Karna was supported by Duryodhan when he was not accepted by anyone else. Duryodhana made him king of Ängdesh. All these benefits by Duryodhan made karna indebted to him. For rest of his life karna promised to be loyal to Duryodhan in return of all these benefits. Here again we can see that an issue of loyalty against moral values of karna coming into play. This is because karna was always aware of what is morally right and what is morally incorrect but because of his loyalty to Duryodhana he decided to remain loyal in place of being morally correct in his own eyes. Consequences of Decision As a consequence of his decision to remain loyal to a person (Duryodhan) instead of being moral or doing what is in benefit of larger people, Karna fought in the Mahabharata war from side of Kauravas. He was finally killed by Arjuna. Conclusion Here also we see that karna was considering his loyalty towards a person (Duryodhana) to be more important than his moral values and doing the things for betterment of larger people. This analogy of karna can very well in this context be related to the way employees of Enron remained loyal to their top management by concealing the actual condition of the organization from the larger number of stakeholders. They did not go for morally correct decision of informing the condition of the degrading organization to the stakeholders. An analogy with Corporate real life case Dell Investors filed suit Over Accounting Practices Problem: A group of investors had filed a lawsuit in Feb, 2007 alleging that Dell had used illegal accounting methods to hide secret kickback payments paid by Intel .This case would show us that though being associated with the firm , the investors didnt get deter to complain against Dell. Problem Details: According to allegations, the payments from Intel were meant to ensure that Dell used only Intel Processors in its PCs according to suit. The investors claimed that Dells profits were inflated by hundreds of millions of dollars. Consequences: Regulators from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York launched an investigation of Dells accounting practices due to which Dell had failed to file its quarterly earnings numbers for the periods ending Aug. 4, 2006 and Nov. 3, 2006, leading the Nasdaq stock exchange to take the decision of dropping Dell from its listing board for some period of time. Yudhisthira: Eldest son of Pandu, former king of Hastinapur. He is considered to be the best judge of right and wrong things. On the basis of his such a great knowledge he was awarded the title of dharmraj(King of right doings). But in Mahabharata we see even yudhishthira was caught in the web of ethical dilemma. Why such a dilemma happened This situation happened when Yudhishthira was invited by his younger brother Duryodhana for dhyut krida, a game of gambling. Those days the art of gambling used to make or break a kings reputation. Any person refusing to be a part of this game was considered either a coward or penniless. Yudhishthira as a king was well aware of the risk associated with the game yet he went beyond his limits by betting on his wife and ultimately losing to Duryodhan. Even though in the midst of the game, he had a clue of his losing out badly yet to prove he was strong enough to take the game further, he not only insulted his wife but tarred his own image. Consequences of Decision As a consequence of giving priority to his impression on society over what he believed to be morally and ethically correct, it led to the decline of the fame of Yudhishthira. He lost his fame and respect in the eyes of the people who considered him to be a real distinguisher of right and wrong. This game of gambling is a blemish on the character of Yudhishthira till date. Conclusion By analyzing the character of Yudhishthira, his act, reasons for act consequences of act we can conclude that decisions by people must be based on what is ethically correct rather than acting to inflate ones ego. An analogy with Corporate real life case Samsung paid $ 90 m in DRAM case Problem: Samsung paid $90m to bring to an end lawsuits brought against it by 41 US states as a result of its role in a worldwide DRAM price-fixing cartel. This would show us how in a bid to control the market (similar to Yudhishthiras claim to pride though he knew that he was committing mistake ), Samsung fell in the trap. Problem Details: Samsung, Elpida, Hynix and Infineon were all found guilty by the US Department of Justice of conspiring to set memory prices between July 1999 and June 2002 Consequences: In May 2006, Samsung, Hynix and Infineon agreed to pay $160m to settle a class-action brought against them by individuals who claimed they were financially harmed by the alleged conspiracy. Vibhishan : Vibhishan was the brother of Ravana. He was aware of the reality of Rama his real powers. For this reason he suggested Ravana to know the reality of Rama and move towards him making shri Rama his friend instead of making him his enemy. The dilemma faced by vibhishana is mentioned on following basis : Basis of existence of Dilemma : Vibhishan knew that Ramas power stood superior to that of his own brother (Ravana).He tried persuading Ravana to follow the path of goodness and extend a friendship relation to Rama. But when all his efforts went in vain, he was in a dilemma of whether to stay with his brother country at the time of war or should he stand in support of Rama, a person who he considered right. Hence here we see Vibhishana getting trapped between being a good obedient brother or being an enemy of his own brothers and country. Consequences of decision taken: He was insulted by his brother in front of society and ordered to leave his kingdom. This all happened after all the efforts taken by Vibhishana to pacify his brothers and Ramas relations. Later he decided to follow the path which he believed to be morally correct and a path towards achieving Moksha. He went to Rama and became his friend and a very important advisor against battle with Ravana. At the end after winning the battle Rama offers the kingdom of Ravana to Vibhishana as gift of his friendship and his gratitude towards his help and support in the war. Conclusion : Here again we see an ethical dilemma faced by a character between his loyalty towards personal relations and an ethical path. But here if we see in detail about the conditions, actions taken and consequences faced by the character, we can conclude that at the end Vibhishana took the right decision of joining with Rama. As we can see that by joining with Rama Vibhishana ensures that the effects of battle should be minimal on the citizens of his own country Lanka. With deeper thought we realize that his decision was out of his true love and respect for his country for he knew that by joining Rama, undesired damages of his kingdom can be avoided. Hence by observing this situation of Vibhishana we can also say that what actually looked to be a person who shifted to the enemy camp in the time of war and who was considered as a traitor by his own citizens was actually the real person concerned about the safety of his country. Here is a very good example by which we can explain that followi ng ethical decisions may seem to be against some of the known and dear ones in the short run but finally it is the ethically and morally correct decisions which are really good for the betterment of the organizations. This example of ethical decision resulting in loss for an organization in the short run but finally coming out as the most beneficial decisions ever taken in history for the organization in long term can be seen very well from the ethical decision taken by Johnson Johnson while calling back all its medicines which were considered fatal for the health of people consuming these medicines. As a result of this decision organization faced a huge short run financial loss even it looked that company may go for bankruptcy but now finally it is seen by everybody that Johnson Johnson is the top organization in its field and has a very good brand value and is perceived as one of the best ethically driven organizations. An analogy with Corporate real life case SEC fined TREND Micro CEO Problem: The allegation of suspicious trading of shares by Chen, chief executive and co founder of leading anti- virus firm Trend Micro on the major Chinese Internet Portal Sina.com. She was found to be in partner with the wrong dealings by his own husband too. This example would show us that one shouldnt keep silent over his/her close ones misdeeds. Problem Details: Apart from allegations of insider trading, there was also an inquiry into whether Ms Chen under reported her holdings in Trend Micro chares. Consequences: the CEO of Trend Micro was ordered to pay a fine by US Financial watchdogs. Also the US Securities and Exchange Commission did its investigations following the allegations. The company suffered huge losses due to it. Conclusion from the Project Most prominent ethical dilemma from Epics : By the study of various characters from Mahabharata we have seen that there is prominent type of ethical dilemma which exists across large number of characters. This prominent type of dilemma is the dilemma of loyalty versus moral values. Here by loyalty we mean that loyalty of a person can be towards anything. This loyalty in case of Bhishma was towards his own pledge of protecting his king. In case of Karna this loyalty is towards Duryodhana. Here the reason of loyalty is again different. While in case of Bhishma the reason of loyalty is his pledge in case of Karna reason of loyalty is his being indebted to Duryodhan because of the benefits given by Duryodhan to him. Similarly for Yudhishthira the inclination was towards popularly accepted beliefs rather than his own inner voice telling him not to go ahead with the game. In Ramayana, Vibhishan on the other hand was an example to show that ethically taken decisions stand much superior to ones worldly relations. Existence of similar dilemma in present scenario : The ethical dilemma faced by the large number of characters in Mahabharta can be seen in present scenario as well. This dilemma of loyalty versus personal moral values of an individual can also be seen in case of Enron failure. Here also as already explained above, employees found it their duty to remain loyal to the organization or top management by not concealing the degrading condition of organization to outside public. Conclusion : From all the above mentioned examples we can conclude that following ethically and morally correct decisions are the ones which an organization or an individual should always go with though they may be hard to follow. This is because these decisions may look difficult and harmful when viewed in short term perspectives but these are truly the decisions which are going to be beneficial in long run. All successful individuals and organizations are those which have a respected and trustworthy image in the minds of the public and stakeholders it has. This kind of image of individuals and organizations is never built in a day or so but is an effect of continuous dealings of ethical or moral values. According to Universalist theory of Business Ethics too, the interest of the larger mass prevails over individual interests It rightly says that the best moral choices are those that you want others to do , even when you cannot make yourself an exception , and ,that respect others as persons.

Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Investigation Chemical reactions are used in our everyday life, they literally keep us alive. They are used in food, respiration and everywhere else in the environment. A chemical reaction mainly occurs when reactants react together to produce a new product. The speed at which this reaction takes place is called the rate of reaction. The product produced has a number of particles in the solution that has formed from the reactants. The concentration is the amount of particles in a certain amount of water. If a cross is placed under the beaker of the solution, the cross will eventually disappear because the high temperature of the water will make the particles move faster because they have more energy and they will move more quicker to give a bigger impact which will cause more frequent and violent collisions and the solution will disappear as the product forms to create a misty solution. The rate of reaction is normally recorded in tables and can then be defined onto graphs to show how the rate curves of different factors affect the speed of the reaction. A rate curve is the curve of a graph that shows how the reaction changes at different intervals. The gradient of the graph tells us whether the different rate curves have the same relation, meaning if they have a similar rate of reaction. Reactions can take place in a variety of customs; they can bee steep or steady. The steeper the slope, the faster the reaction takes place. The steadier the slope, the slower the reaction takes place. Aim: The aim of my investigation is to find out whether the increase of temperature increases the rate of reaction between the two reactants of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid. I will then find out and evaluate on how temperature affects this particular reaction. Factors There are four main factors, which affect the rate of reaction that are considered as variables for the experiment I will be doing, they are the following: Molecules can only collide when two of them meet together. This meeting between the two particles can only take place on the surface area of the material. If the surface area of the material is increased, the particles gather more space to collide with each other with force. With a large surface area, the particles will have more area to work on so the collision probability will be high. A catalyst is a separate substance to the ones you use in your experiment and is used to speed up the reaction between the reactants.

Mystery Surrounding the Phoenix Lights: Evidence of UFO Sighting? :: Expository Essays Research Papers

Mystery Surrounding the Phoenix Lights: Evidence of UFO Sighting? Abstract    The events that occurred in Phoenix on March 13, 1997 still have the world at a loss. A triangle (boomerang) shaped craft with seven lights on the main body and one trailing behind the rest appeared over Phoenix. Some believe that they were just flares used by the military, but others think that it was definitely extraterrestrial. Much evidence has been found, but the mystery remains.    On March 13, 1997, an inexplicable phenomenon took place in the sky over Phoenix, Arizona. Thousands of people witnessed the occurrence, and a few dozen even caught it on camera. The event was so astonishing that the most world-renowned news source, CNN, broadcast it on national television. Disappearing, the mind-boggling event left thousands, or even millions, in disbelief at what they had just witnessed. What was it? The world may never know. The V-shaped object that appeared in the sky that night over Phoenix has left every UFO fanatic and scientist in awe. There is no real explanation for the bright lights that took the shape of a huge boomerang from 8:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. Many have tried to explain what no one can, but for every scenario, there is an equally crazy explanation that proves it to be false. To this day, there is still no explanation that is completely rock-solid and can explain this extremely odd occurrence. Have the inhabitants of Phoenix been the victim of a huge hoax, or have the people been witness to one of the most conclusive UFO sightings in history?    Witnesses There are many people throughout Arizona that say that they saw what is being called the Phoenix lights. Officials received calls and reports of the sighting from as far south as Tucson to the Northwestern reaches of Kingman. Dozens of people videotaped the action that was taking place, and a few even said that they saw the boomerang shaped UFO fly overhead before the sightings. News crews covered as many witnesses as they could find, trying to reveal some sort of clarity or explanation to what was seen to set every mind at ease. The most conclusive evidence of a UFO sighting came from a family that CNN interviewed and made their cover story. The Ley family says they saw the object fly overhead before any of the occurrences later that night. Tim Ley and his son said, "When it finally got here and we realized this thing was coming right over us, we really started getting antsy.

Donoghue V Stevenson Essay

Summary On August 26th 1928, Donoghue (plaintiff) and a friend were at a case in Glasgow, Scotland. Her friend ordered / purchased a bottle of ginger beer for Donoghue. The bottle was in an opaque bottle (dark glass material) as Donoghue was not aware of the contents. After, Donoghue drank some and her friend lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the ginger beer into the glass. A remains of a snail in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the glass. Donoghue later complained of stomach pain and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action seeking  £500 damages against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson (Defendant). She was unsuccessful at trial and appealed the decision to the House of Lords. Issue 1. Is there liability in negligence for injury caused by another in the absence of a contract? 2. Does the manufacturer of a product owe duty of care to the consumer to take reasonable care that the product is free from defect? Judgement The issue was complex because her friend had purchased the drink, and that a contract had not been breached. So Donoghue’s lawyers had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, concluded that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consumes their product. Among the reasons given by the judges that is related to the issues above: 1. Le Lievre v Gould established that â€Å"under certain circumstances, one man may owe a duty of care to another, even though there is no contract between them† 2. Negligence claims can be brought against people who owe you a duty of care. 3. A manufacturer has a duty of care to the ultimate consumer if either the consumer or the distributors he received the product from had a reasonable chance to inspect it. Firstly, that negligence is a different tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a defendant, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of belongings. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson however Atkin’s judgement establis hed that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. ‘The liability for negligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of â€Å"culpa,† is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot, in a practical world, be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief’ Furthermore, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. These protections began as common law but many have since been codified in legislation, such as the Trade Practices Act. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in (mind) when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Lord Atkin: â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour. Reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? Persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that i ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when i am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. Analysis I agree with the judgement of the issue that, the manufacturer does owe a duty of care to future consumers. Manufacturers are aware that production has the overall goal of its product that is to be consumed, and not simply to be purchased by a distributors or retailers. Therefore, taking into account all liabilities and reasonable care of what the product can cause to civilians. The reason being, that there is a liability of negligence present by the injury of another because in layman’s term, action conducted or carried forward must be foreseen and taken into consideration that it can harm society involved indirectly. Firstly, goods which are primarily purchased, used or consumed for personal, domestic or household purposes  which in this case Donoghue consumed a ginger beer in the cafà © and suffered injuries. Stevenson is liable for its product manufactured and as the plaintiff had suffered injury due to the consumption of the product it is due to the failure on the compliance to safety of goods supply and it is believe to fail its compliance on the rule ‘love you neighbour’ / duty of care. Second the manufacturer and the retailer included a price which consist of consideration in any form whether direct or indirect in relation to acquisition, where in this case the defendant sold the ginger beer that was consumed by Donoghue. In my opinion, a rule of safety standards according to Consumer Protection Act 1999 Section 18-23 should be carried should be taken into consideration by the defendant as it bring a better quality to goods served. As Stevenson did not take account of its product quality, its goods (ginger beer) contained a decomposed snail piece resulting in plaintiff injury ‘gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock’. Hence, manufactures owe a duty of care to Donoghue because Stevenson did not comply on the quality of the goods sold. Moreover, as application on this case to real life reason are our work, relaxation and our life in general, we must think about the well-being of people around us (our neighbours). We cannot simply plan out activities with no regard to the safety of all participants, including civilians. For  example, one person cannot execute work duties without concern for our fellow colleagues or our clients. We cannot leave uncovered holes in the track, or fail to shut gates where animals are restrained, or leave hazardous chemicals lying around. In a nutshell, if we don’t do the right thing as level deemed to be appropriate to the people involved, then we will be accused of exhibiting irresponsibility. Overall, in this case where the manufacturers or suppliers in respect of selling goods for the eventual consumption to consumers, have a duty to take reasonable care to consumers / â€Å"neighbours† to ensure that their products are safe for consumption and to take full responsibil ity in respect of a guarantees in the supply of goods. References Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Taylor, Martin R. (2008). â€Å"The Most Famous Litigant†. Donoghue v Stevenson Digital Resources. Scottish Council of Law Reporting. Retrieved 8 September 2012. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. 2015. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.scottishlawreports.org.uk/resources/dvs/donoghue-v-stevenson-report.html. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. [ONLINE] Available at: http://casebrief.wikia.com/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015].

Face Recognition Technology in Public Places

Currently, technology is rising, along with suspected terrorist attacks. Mobile phones and computers have minimized its size to an incredibly small size it was almost unimaginable in the years before. Subsequently, bombs could be as small, but the threat is still as massive. In this light, scientists and engineers have concocted devices to help alleviate this threat to society.Unfortunately, to this date, face recognition technology in public places remains ineffective, as it even violates people’s right to privacy.There are many reasons behind the pursuit of this technology. There are questions and ethical concerns behind the arguments. However, one can be certain that this technology is still at its tender stage and should not be used until it is at the state of perfection. In this light, this essay aims to give light to certain issues regarding this matter.First, this kind of technology is still not foolproof. It does not accurately identify terrorists. Second, it has a str ong potential for misuse and abuse. It has been used without the consent or knowledge of the people, violating their right to privacy.Last, the expected improvement in security is not justified by its costs.These are the basic inquiries one should be able to deliberate on regarding the matter.Face recognition teechnology is yet to prove its worth to the society. It was found out during tests that it has failed at 38% of the cases. Boston reported that the techonology aimed to point a terrorist from the crowd by comparing the images with those in their system. What came out was a depressing failure.The technology was still too objective that it failed to recognize slight changes on the faces of these people. This was only through a test run in a rather select sample. What more could have happened if this was a real life scenario?In this light, one can say that when it failed at that percentage, the system chose innocent people. These people could be passers-by, simply coincidental th at they were there when the system detected them. It cannot be helped that even total strangers have similar characteristics, and the system was unable to be accurate on this aspect.This technology is still inaccurate. A person’s face could change completely even when there were minor changes to his entire look. The accuracy of the technology also relies on how similar the image is in comparison to the image in the system, a slight different in lighting and angle can alter the face of the person.In this case, a terrorist may not be detected, and in its place is an innocent person. In this light, ABC News also mentioned that if this is the condition of the technology, then two stangers will look more alike than two different pictures of the same person.Face recognition technology cannot be experimented on a real life situation. It would be more than a risk. It would have been a mistake.Barnaby Feder of the New York Times also mentioned that this technology was quite a promisin g piece against terrorism. However, their tests also failed. The technology experienced difficulty. On the other hand, there are establishments who already use the technology in question, like casinos.It was mentioned in the article that face recognition technology could be a requirement in more establishments in the future. Unfortunately, with the presense of skeptisms and flawed eperiments, producers of this technology are yet to mark their points in history.They are inproving over the years, but they have not come up with the technology that will find perfectly match the face of a person to the database, and therefore a suspicious person or a criminal. Alice Lipowicz of Washington Technology wrote that the technology failed in another experiment at the Super Bowl in 2001.When the technology was used, it came out with too many false positives that they immediately called the experiment a total failure.Another argument against this technology is brought about by the fact that this has great potential for misuse and abuse. Given that the people are being viewed by a camera and objectively scrutinized by the system and database, one person is studied and judged by it. Furthermore, it is not only the faces that these cameras capture.It also captures the actions that these people are doing. That is not the purpose of the technology, but because the system is trying to ID everyone who could match a certain culprit, this technology is overlooking the essense of the person’s actions.He is judged by his face and actions when he shouldn’t be judged at all. He shouldn’t even be watched by another person who might have biases and prejudices. This, by itself, is an ethical question: should these people be watched? Who are watching them?Lipowicz also mentioned that the technology is crawling close to becoming unethical. The article mentioned that when drivers are given their license, their pictures are taken into a face recognition database and used f or future investigative purposes.Before these people are even able to know about investigations their names and faces are already part of the system for scrutiny and matching. This becomes a question in people’s minds because it can be related to intrusive surveillance and tracking, as mentioned in the same article. This means that even if the people are not involved, because of the technology, they are made involved in the system.Unfortunately, this is still an expanding research as the technology is updated and organizations, especially the government, make use of it. Despite the concern on people’s privacy, perhaps they opted to choose the larger purpose of its creation: the safety of the people against terror. Those who are trying to protect the people should consider this: who are they protecting?From whom are they protecting these people? Why are they protecting these people? If their tools would be objective in detecting the faces of these suspicious people, the n their objectives as human beings should be objective as well. Are they judging the person based on what they see on screen?Are they judging them based on the name on which that face matches? If the face and name was ill matched, should they still be judged? Perhaps when those behind the cameras, with the database at hand, are able to answer this, then they should be able to bring brighter light to the situation.Furthermore, this technology captures people’s faces and identities without the consent or knowledge of the person. It is always important, as it is ethical, for a person to be told that he or she is going to be watched. Although doing this gives potential to a change in their behavior while being watched, the people should always be told when the cameras are on them.The reason behind giving the consent is that the people should agree that they are being watched for the benefit of everyone’s safety. They should be informed of their objectives, like finding the terrorist among the crowd. In relation to their right to privacy, they should be able to act upon their wish without being judged by it.In a crowd, they could be on a phone call or talking with a friend, and those actions may bare negative implications depending on how those behind the cameras are looking at them.This is also to prevent the possibility of having those observations used for something else. As mentioned earlier, this technology has the potential for misuse and abuse. Just because these people are able to retrieve information via these cameras does not mean that they should freely use these.If the information is to be compared to another set retrieved from another location, then the person is objectified—overlooking the fact that he is human and unique from everybody else. Stereotyping, biases and prejudices could rise and add greater problems to the technology, despite its already faulty results in finding terrorists.Last, in today’s rampant pace, techn ology never comes cheaply. By the description of the technology alone, one is given the hint of how much it could cost. There are no exact digits for the curious mind, but there is an implied amount.The technology is able to measure, study, compare and match random faces to those already in the database. The scrutinizing process by which this technology aimed to protect the people could be very extensive that one could only think about the many brilliant minds that worked together to create the prototype. Although the technology is not yet full proof, it is still expensive.In this light, if the technology is not yet at its best, why should anyone make use of it? Although attached with the package is the promise that they could be safer, the disadvantages still seemes to outweight its benefits. As mentioned in this article, face recognition technology is still a growing study.To prematurely use it, while simultaneously paying a high amount for it, would not allow the technology to fu lfill its promise—like of any product: the output worthy of the amount.